No treaty ended the Hundred Years’ War, but a new Anglo-Burgundian alliance in the
1470s was thwarted by the erratic but skillful Louis XI. England’s recurrent internal
problems and the permanence of France’s restored fiscal and military institutions gave
the Valois monarchy strength and stability at last. These factors, and a measure of good
luck, permitted the crown to regain control of several important territories—Burgundy
(1477), Anjou, Maine, and Provence (1481), Brittany (1491), and Orléans (1498)—and to
become a major European power.
John Bell Henneman, Jr.
[See also: AGINCOURT; ARCHER/BOWMAN; ARMAGNACS; ARTILLERY;
BADEFOL, SEGUIN DE; BRÉTIGNY; BRIGAND/BRIGANDAGE; CERVOLE,
ARNAUD DE; CHARLES V; CLISSON; CRÉCY; DUNOIS, JEAN, COMTE DE;
EDWARD III; EDWARD, THE BLACK PRINCE; GUESCLIN, BERTRAND DU;
HENRY V; JEANNE D’ARC; JOHN II THE GOOD; JOHN THE FEARLESS;
KNOLLES, ROBERT; LA HIRE; LANCASTER, DUKES OF; LOUIS XI; NAVAL
POWER; ORLÉANS CAMPAIGN; PHILIP THE BOLD; PHILIP THE GOOD;
POITIERS; RAIS, GILLES DE; RECONQUEST OF FRANCE; RICHEMONT,
ARTHUR DE; TALBOT, JOHN; VILLANDRANDO, RODRIGO DE; WARFARE]
Contamine, Philippe. Guerre, état et société à la fin du moyen âge: études sur les armées des rois
de France 1337–1494. Paris: Mouton, 1972.
Favier, Jean. La Guerre de cent ans. Paris: Fayard, 1980.
Henneman, John Bell. “The Military Class and the French Monarchy in the Late Middle Ages.”
American Historical Review 83 (1978):946–65.
Palmer, John Joseph Norman. England, France and Christen-dom, 1377–1399. London: Routledge,
1972.
——, ed. Froissart: Historian. Woodbridge: Boydell, 1981.
Perroy, Edouard. The Hundred Years War, trans. W.B.Wells. London: Eyre and Spottiswoode,
1951.
HUNTING AND FOWLING
. Hunting was an essential part of the aristocratic way of life during the Middle Ages.
Charlemagne often journeyed between his scattered hunting lodges in pursuit of the sport
and was prepared to go directly into the field after hearing Mass. The Carolingian
practice of setting aside tracts of land as royal forest, in which the kings exercised a
monopoly on hunting, later spread to the nobles, who established their own forests as
protected hunting preserves under the weakened French monarchy. The animals hunted in
these forests included several kinds of deer, wild boars, wolves, foxes, otters, and hares.
While hunting was considered an activity primarily for males, ladies also joined in
fowling, and a falcon poised on the wrist became a recognized symbol of nobility. Royal
and other large households had professional huntsmen who provided meat for the table,
and peasants also hunted for food where not prohibited by aristocratic monopolies over
forests, but these practical uses of hunting were not considered as la chasse, which so
delighted its participants.
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