Lea, Henry Charles. A History of the Inquisition of the Middle Ages. 3 vols. New York: Harper,
1887.
——. The Inquisition of the Middle Ages, Its Organization and Operation. New York: Citadel,
1954.
Maisonneuve, Henri. Études sur les origines de l’inquisition. 2nd ed. Paris: Vrin, 1960.
Pernoud, Régine. Joan of Arc by Herself and Her Witnesses, trans. Edward Hyams. New York:
Stein and Day, 1968.
Peters, Edward. Inquisition. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1989.
Somerville, Robert. Pope Alexander III and the Council of Tours (1162). Berkeley: University of
California Press, 1977.
Wakefield, Walter L. Heresy, Crusade and Inquisition in Southern France, 1100–1250. Berkeley:
University of California Press, 1974.
INSTRUMENTS
. See ASTRONOMICAL AND NAVIGATIONAL INSTRUMENTS
INVESTITURE (FEUDAL)
. Investiture was the act by which a lord transferred possession of a fief to a vassal. After
homage was rendered, the lord would hand his vassal an object, such as a baton, twig, or
turf representing the fief. Knights granting their fiefs to monasteries often did so by
placing “twig and turf” on the altar. In other cases, a feudal tenant would divest himself
by placing his hands in those of the local bishop, who in turn would invest the recipient.
With the spread of written homages from the late 12th century, sealed charters
transferring title in effect constituted investiture and often replaced the physical act.
Theodore Evergates
[See also: FEUDALISM; FIEF/FEUDUM; FIEF-HOLDING; FIEF-RENTE;
HOMAGE]
Forquin, Guy. Lordship and Feudalism in the Middle Ages, trans. Iris and A.K.Lytton Sells. New
York: Pica, 1976.
Ganshof, François L. Feudalism, trans. Philip Grierson. New York: Harper, 1961.
INVESTITURE CONTROVERSY
. See GREGORIAN REFORM
The Encyclopedia 907