to support the crusade, and Henrik is not found among
the bishops of Uppsala.
There is better evidence for Erik’s origin in the
province of Västergötland, where his son Knut prob-
ably supervised the building of Eriksberg church in
memory of his father. Erik and his queen, Christina, tried
to prevent the Cistercian foundation in Västergötland
from moving from Lurö/Lugnås to Vamhem around
1158 (Scriptores Minores Historiae Danicae Medii Aevi
2:138, 141). Since Uppsala cathedral chapter followed
ordo monasticus 1188/97, and since Erik’s reign is the
most probable period for the establishment of such a
monastic chapter in Uppsala (Gallén 1976), we may
see the reason for Erik’s aversion to the Cistercians in
his support for the Black Benedictines. Such a monastic
chapter existed only in Odense, Denmark, so it cannot
be ruled out that Erik had connections with Denmark,
where we fi nd Ericus dux et eius fi lii Karolus et Kanutus
(jarl Erik and his sons Karl and Knut) in Lund 1145
(Diplomatarium Danicum 1:2, no. 88) and Ericus
[lord of] Falster at Haraldsted 1131 (Vita Sanctorum
Danorum 239; Gallén 1985). Erik’s crusade may then
tentatively be identifi ed with the campaign mentioned
under 1142 in the Novgorod chronicle.
Further Reading
Editions
Fant, Eric Michael, ed. Scriptores rerum svecicarum medii ævi
2.1. Uppsala: Zeipel & Palmblad, 1828, 270–320.
Nelson, Axel, ed. Vita et miracula Sancti Erici regis Sueciae.
Latine et Suecice. Codex Vat. reg. lat. 525 Suecice et Britan-
nice praefatus. Corpus Codicum Suecicorum Medii Aevi, 3.
Copenhagen: Munksgaard, 1944.
Schmid. Toni, ed. “Erik den heliges legend på latin, fornsvenska
och modern svenska.” In Erik den Helige. Historia, Kult,
Reliker. Ed. Bengt Thordeman. Stockholm: Nordiska roto-
gravyr, 1954, xi–xx.
Lundén, Tryggve, ed. “Eriksoffi ciet och Eriksmässen.” In Sankt
Erik Konung. Ed. Jarl Gallén and Tryggve Lundén. Svenska
Katolska Akademiens Handlingar, 2. Stockholm: Niketryck.
1960, 19–47.
Bibliographies
Bohrn, Harald, and Percy Elfstrand. Svensk historisk bibliografi
1936–1950. Skrifter utgivna av Historiska Föreningen, 5.
Stockholm: Norstedt, 1964, 495–6.
Rydbeck, Jan, ed. Svensk historisk bibliografi 1951–1960. Skrifter
utgivna av Historiska Föreningen, 6. Stockholm: Norstedt,
1968, 455–6.
Bachman, Marie-Louise, and Yvonne Hirdman, eds. Svensk
historisk bibliografi 1961–1970. Skrifter utgivna av Histo-
riska Föreningen, 8. Stockholm: Almqvist & Wiksell, 1978,
485–6.
Literature
Carlsson, Einar. Translacio archiepiscoporum. Erikslegendens
historicitet i belysning av ärkebiskopssätets förfl yttning från
Upsala till Östra Åros. Uppsala Universitets Årsskrift, 1944:2.
Uppsala: Lundequistska Bokhandeln, 1944.
Bolin, Sture. “Erik den helige.” Svenskt biografi skt lexikon. Ed.
Bengt Hildebrand. Stockholm: Bonnier, 1953, vol. 14, pp.
248–57.
Thordeman, Bengt, ed. Erik den Helige: Historia, Kult, Reliker.
Stockholm: Nordiska rotogravyr, 1954.
Schmid, Toni. “Erik den helige.” KLNM4 (1959), 13–16.
Gallén, Jarl. “Erik den helige, Sveriges helgonkonung.” In Sankt
Erik Konung, pp. 1–15.
Andersson, Ingvar. “Uppsala ärkestifts tillkomst.” Historisk
tidskrift (Sweden), 84 (1964), 389–410.
Sibilia, Anna Lisa. “Erico (Erik) IX.” Bibliotheca Sanctorum- Rome: Pontificia Università Lateranense, 1955, cols.
1322–6.
Nyberg, Tore. “Eskil av Lund och Erik den helige.” In Historia
och samhälle. Studier tillägnade Jerker Rosén. Malmö: Stu-
dentlitteratur, 1975, pp. 5–21.
Gallén, Jarl. “De engelska munkama i Uppsala—ett katedral-
kloster på 1100–talet.” Historisk Tidskrift för Finland 61
(1976), 1–21.
Sjöberg, Rolf. “Via regia incedens. Ett bidrag till frågan om
Erikslegendens ålder.” Fornvännen 78 (1983), 252–60.
Gallén, Jarl “Knut den helige och Adela av Flandern. Europeiska
kontakter och genealogiska konsekvenser.” In Studier i äldre
historia tillägnade Herman Schück. Stockholm: Gotab, 1985,
pp. 49–66.
Sjöberg, Rolf. “Rex Upsalie och vicarius—Erik den helige och
hans ställföreträdare.” Fornvännen 81 (1986), 1–13.
Tore Nyberg
ERIUGENA, JOHANNES SCOTTUS
(810–877)
Little is known about the life of this Irish scholar who
taught the liberal arts at the court of Charles the Bald
in and around Laon in northern France. Although the
earlier view of Eriugena as a lonely genius in a barren
period has recently been modifi ed, the wealth of his
erudition and his remarkable knowledge of Greek make
him stand out among his Carolingian contemporaries.
Eriugena fi rst emerges as a participant in the contro-
versy surrounding predestination in 850–51. In his cam-
paign against the monk Gottschalk of Orbais, archbishop
Hincmar of Reims asked Eriugena to refute Gottschalk’s
doctrine of double predestination (to eternal life and to
eternal death), which the latter claimed to be the true
Augustinian teaching. Eriugena, who is not known to
have been a monk or priest, wrote De divina praedesti-
natione in compliance with Hincmar’s request. Instead
of advocating Hincmar’s view of a single predestination,
however, Eriugena argues that predestination is nothing
more than God’s eternal knowledge, and that humans
have freedom of choice even after the Fall. After the
condemnation of his views at the councils of Valence
(855) and Langres (859), Eriugena never returned to the
arena of ecclesiastical politics.
For Eriugena’s next assignment, Charles the Bald
ordered a new translation be made of the works of
Pseudo-Dionysius the Areopagite. The Greek texts of
this 6th-century Syrian mystic, who was identifi ed withERIK, SAINT