Cole, Bruce. Sienese Painting from Its Origins to the Fifteenth
Century. New York: Harper and Row, 1980.
DeWald, Ernest T. Pietro Lorenzetti. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard
University Press, 1930.
Frugoni, Chiara. Pietro and Ambrogio Lorenzetti, trans. L.
Pelletti. Florence: Scala, 1988. Maginnis, Hayden B. J.
“Pietro Lorenzetti: A Chronology.” Art Bulletin, 66, 1984,
pp. 183–211.
——. Painting in the Age of Giotto: A Historical Reevaluation.
University Park: Pennsylvania State University, 1997.
Norman, Diana. “‘Love Justice, You Who Judge the Earth’: The
Paintings of the Sala dei Nove in the Palazzo Pubblico, Siena.”
In Siena, Florence, and Padua: Art, Society, and Religion
1280–1400, Vol. 2, Case Studies, ed. Diana Norman. New
Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1995, pp. 145–167.
Offner, Richard. “Refl ections on Ambrogio Lorenzetti.” Gazette
des Beaux Arts, 56, 1960, pp. 235–238.
Rowley, George. Ambrogio Lorenzetti, 2 vols. Princeton, N.J.:
Princeton University Press, 1958. Rubinstein, Nicolai. “Politi-
cal Ideas in Sienese Art: The Frescoes by Ambrogio Lorenzetti
and Taddeo di Bartolo in the Palazzo Pubblico.” Journal of the
Warburg and Courtauld Institutes, 21, 1958, pp. 179–207.
Southard, Edna. The Frescoes in Siena’s Palazzo Pubblico,
1289–1359: Studies in Imagery and Relations to Other Com-
munal Palaces in Tuscany. New York: Garland, 1979.
——. “Ambrogio Lorenzetti’s Frescoes in the Sala della Pace:
A Change of Names.” Mitteilungen des Kunsthistorischen
Institutes in Florenz, 24, 1980, pp. 361–365.
Starn, Randolph, and Loren Partridge. “The Republican Regime
of the Sala dei Nove in Siena, 1338–1340.” In Arts of Power:
Three Halls of State in Italy, 1300–1600. Berkeley: University
of California Press, 1992, pp. 11–59.
Volpe, Carlo. Pietro Lorenzetti. Milan: Electa, 1989.
Gustav Medicus
LOTHAIR I (795–855)
King of Lotharingia and emperor. The eldest son of
Emperor Louis the Pious (778–840) and Irmengarde,
Lothair I is remembered chiefl y for his role in dismem-
bering the empire constructed by Charlemagne. In 817,
Louis the Pious sought to ensure the empire’s unity after
his death by promulgating the Ordinatio imperii. This
divided the Carolingian territories into kingdoms for
Lothair I and his brothers, Pepin of Aquitaine (800–838)
and Louis the German (804–876), while leaving Italy
under their father’s nephew, Bernard. Lothair, who was
made co-emperor, was granted the largest, central realm,
including Aix-la-Chapelle and Rome. After his father’s
death, he was to exercise supremacy over his brothers
and Bernard.
Diffi culties emerged in 817 with the revolt of Ber-
nard, who died after being blinded as punishment. Italy
was transferred to Lothair. In 823, the birth of another
son, Charles the Bald, to Louis the Pious (by his second
wife, Judith) forced the emperor to modify his plans
for the inheritance by allotting to Charles lands earlier
assigned to his half-brothers. Lothair revolted in 830,
and again in 833 with the help of his brothers Louis the
German and Pepin. While their father emerged victori-
ous and in 834 confi ned Lothair to Italy, the remaining
years of Louis’s reign saw continued political unrest.
Upon Louis’s death in 840, Lothair I proclaimed
again the Ordinatio imperii and turned against his sur-
viving brothers, Louis the German and Charles. The
power struggle among those rulers led to the Treaty of
Verdun (843), dividing the Carolingian territories into
separate kingdoms for Louis, Charles, and Lothair. This
testifi ed to the end of the ideal of a united empire, though
Lothair retained the imperial title.
Lothair was in confl ict with one or both brothers
most of the rest of his life. Upon his death in 855, his
lands were divided among his sons, Louis II (d. 875),
Lothair II (d. 869), and Charles of Provence (d. 863).
Louis II alone was left the imperial crown, which he
had received in 850.
See also Louis the PiousFurther Reading
Ganshof, François L. The Carolingians and the Frankish Monar-
chy: Studies in Carolingian History, trans. Janet Sondheimer.
London: Longman, 1971, pp. 289–302.
McKitterick, Rosamond. The Frankish Kingdoms Under the
Carolingians, 751–987. London: Longman, 1983.
Nelson, Janet L. Charles the Bald. London: Longman, 1992.
Riché, Pierre. The Carolingians: A Family Who Forged Europe,
trans. Michael I. Allen. Philadelphia: University of Pennsyl-
vania Press, 1993.
Celia ChazelleLOTHAR III (1075–1137)
Lothar III of Supplinburg was born shortly after his
father, Count Gebhard of Supplinburg, died in battle
against King Henry IV. Historians know little about
his youth, his rise to prominence, or exactly why King
Henry V named Lothar as successor to the late Magnus
Billung, duke of Saxony, on August 25, 1106. Soon after,
having grown still more powerful through other inheri-
tances and his own political and military ability, Lothar
became the leader of the opposition to Henry V.
With the death of Emperor Henry V in 1125 with-
out a son, German princes reasserted their traditional
right to elect a new king. Representative magnates of
the four ethnic divisions of Swabia, Bavaria, Saxony,
and Franconia were delegated to the election at Mainz
under the leadership of the archbishop. Although Duke
Frederick II of Swabia, Henry V’s nephew and heir, and
Margrave Leopold III of Austria found a great deal of
support, the archbishop promoted the case of the duke
of Saxony, Lothar von Supplinburg. Lothar’s party prob-
ably gained the support of the main holdout, the Welf
duke of Bavaria, Henry the Black, with a promised mar-LOTHAIR III