so-called natural order, the ordo naturalis, a current
pedagogic word order that roughly corresponds to a sub-
ject-verb-object typology. He then expands on the text
with additional classroom commentary—either his own
or culled from other sources—by providing synonyms,
supplying any implied subjects or objects, expounding
rhetorical fi gures and etymologies, and interpreting
mythological fi gures. Finally Notker appends his Old
High German translation, which is sprinkled with fur-
ther explanation in the vernacular and occasional Latin
terms, a kind of mixed prose (Mischsprosa).
In his letter to the bishop, Notker also includes a list
of works he had fi nished, thereby providing us with
a fairly accurate account of his corpus: Boethius, De
consolatione Philosophiae (On the Consolation of Phi-
losophy); Martianus Capella, De nuptiis Philologiae et
Mercurii (On the Marriage of Philology and Mercury);
Boethius’s Latin versions of Aristotle’s, De categoriis
(Categories) and De interpretatione (On Interpretation),
and, his most popular work, the Psalter (together with
the Cantica and three catechistic texts). He also refers
to several of his own classroom compositions, which
contain translations of technical terms and/or examples
in Old High German; among these are thought to be
De arte rhetorica (On the Art of Rhetoric), Computus
(Calculating the Calendar), De defi nitione (On Defi ni-
tion), De musica (On Music), Partibus logicae (On the
Parts of Logic), and De syllogismis (On Syllogisms).
A few Latin treatises produced in the St. Gall school
may also have been compiled by him: De dialectica
(On Dialectics), Distributio (Logic), and The St. Gall
Tractate. Other translations listed by Notker have not
survived: Principia arithmetica (Arithmetic Principles,
by Boethius?), De trinitate (On the Trinity, by Boethius
or Remigius of Auxerre?), Gregory the Great’s Moralia
in Iob (Moral Deliberations on the Book of Job), and
Cato’s Distichs, Vergil’s Bucolica, and Terence’s Andria.
Notker’s work did not fi nd great resonance, and only the
Psalter and several of the minor treatises are preserved
outside of St. Gall.
Notker’s late-tenth-century Alemannic marks an
important transition period in the history of the German
language. The extant eleventh-century St. Gall copies
of his texts are recorded with a fairly consistent spell-
ing, which modern scholars have interpreted to refl ect
guidelines that Notker imposed on the St. Gall scribes.
They include the Anlautgesetz (devoicing initial voiced
stops /b d g/ following a voiceless consonant and/or a
pause and in compounds) and the use of the acute and
circumfl ex accents to mark word and/or sentence stress
and vowel length. Notker’s lexicon has also received
considerable scholarly attention, owing to the many new
words he coined to render into Old High German the
highly complex Latin terminology he was translating.
See also Gregory I, Pope; Martianus CapellaFurther Reading
Colemnan, Evelyn S. “Bibliographie zu Notker III. von St. Gal-
len,” in Germanic Studies in Honor of Edward H. Sehrt. Coral
Gables, Fl.: University of Miami Press, 1968, pp. 61–76.
——. “Bibliographie zu Notker III. von St. Gallen: Zweiter
Teil,” in Spectrum medii aevi. Göppingen: Kümmerle, 1983,
pp. 91–110.
De nuptiis Philologiae et Mercurii: Konkordanzen, Wortlisten
und Abdruck des Textes nach dem Codex Sangallensis 872,
ed. Evelyn S. Firchow. Hildesheim: Olms, 1999.
Ehrismann, Gustav. Geschichte der deutschen Literatur bis
zum Ausgang des Mittelalters. Munich: Beck, 1932, pp.
416–458.
Hellgardt, Ernst. “Notker des Deutschen Brief an Bischof Hugo
von Sitten,” in Befund und Deutung. Tübingen: Niemeyer,
1979, pp. 169–192.
——. “Notker Teutonicus: Überlegungen zum Stand der Forsc-
hung.” Beiträge zur Geschichte der deutschen Sprache und
Literatur 108 (1986): 190–205 and 109 (1987): 202–221.
King, James, and Petrus Tax, eds. Die Werke Notkers des
Deutschen, Altdeutsche Textbibliothek. 10 vols. Tübingen:
Niemeyer, 1972–1996.
Notker der Deutsche. De interpretatione: Boethius’ Bearbeitung
von Aristoteles’ Schrift Peri hermeneias: Konkordanzen,
Wortlisten und Abdruck des Textes nach dem Codex Sangal-
lensis 818, ed. Evelyn S. Firchow. Berlin: de Gruyter, 1995.
Notker der Deutsche von St. Gallen. Categoriae: Boethius’
Bearbeitung von Aristoteles’ Schrift Kategoriai: Konkor-
danzen, Wortlisten und Abdruck der Texte nach den Codices
Sangallensis 818 and 825, ed. Evelyn S. Firchow. Berlin: de
Gruyter, 1996.
Notker-Wortschatz, eds. Edward H. Sehrt und Wolfram K. Legner.
Halle (Saale): Niemeyer, 1955. Sehrt, Edward H. Notker-Glos-
sar. Tübingen: Niemeyer, 1962.
The St. Gall Tractate: A Rhetorical Guide to Classroom Syntax,
eds. and trans. Anna Grotans and David Porter. Columbia,
S.C.: Camden House, 1995.
Schröbler, Ingeborg. Notker III. von St. Gallen als Übersetzer und
Kommentator von Boethius’ De consolatione Philosophiae.
Tübingen: Niemeyer, 1953.
Sonderegger, Stefan. Althochdeutsch in St. Gallen. St. Gallen:
Ostschweiz, 1970.
——. Althochdeutsche Sprache und Literatur, 2d ed. Berlin: de
Gruyter, 1987.
——. “Notker III. von St. Gallen,” in Die deutsche Literatur
des Mittelalters: Verfasserlexikon, vol. 6., 2d ed. Berlin: de
Gruyter, 1987, cols. 1212–1236.
Tax, Petrus W. “Notker Teutonicus,” in Dictionary of the Middle
Ages, vol. 9. New York: Scribner’s, 1987, pp. 188–190.
Anna A. GrotansNOTKER LABEO