jected to persecution by the succeeding pope, Boniface
VIII. Further travels and tribulations followed: Angelo
went on a pilgrimage to Greece in the early 1300s; was
back in Italy in 1304–1305; and in 1311, having been
named leader of the Spirituals in 1307–1308, went to
the Council of Vienne to advocate their cause, with some
success. He was persecuted yet again under Pope John
XXII after 1316 and was imprisoned in Avignon, but he
soon obtained his release, at the cost of surrendering his
membership of the Franciscan order. He returned to Italy
in 1318 and continued to work on behalf of the Spiritual
Franciscans under the protection of the sympathetic
abbot of Subiaco. But die church remained hostile, and
eventually Angelo took refuge in Basilicata, where he
lived in poverty and sickness until his death.
Angelo’s writings, all in Latin, include several trans-
lations from the Greek fathers, a rule for the Spiritual
Franciscans, spiritual treatises, letters, and Historia
septem tribulationum Ordinis Minorum (History of the
Seven Tribulations of the Order of Friars Minor). Many
of these were quickly turned into vernacular versions
and circulated widely during the Trecento.
See also Celestine V, Pope
Further Reading
Angeli Clareni opera, Vol. 1, Epistole, ed. Lydia von Auw. Rome:
Istituto storico italiano per il Medio Evo, 1980.
Potestà, Gian Luca. Angelo Clareno: Dai poveri eremiti ai frati-
celli. Rome: Istituto storico italiano per il Medio Evo, 1990.
von Auw, Lydia. Angelo Clareno et les spirituels italiens. Rome:
Edizioni di Storia e Letteratura, 1979.
Steven N. Botterill
ANNO (r. 1056–1075)
Born to a minor noble family in Swabia, Anno II, arch-
bishop of Cologne, became one of medieval Germany’s
most powerful ecclesiastics. Driven by the ambition to
advance the see of Cologne during his tenure as arch-
bishop from 1056 to 1075, Anno left a controversial
legacy as saint on the one hand and manipulative power
player on the other.
Anno built or renovated several of Cologne’s church-
es, including St. Mary’s ad gradus (“on the steps”), St.
George, St. Mary-in-the-Capitol, St. Gereon, and Great
St. Martin. He also took on political rivals, especially
the aristocratic Ezzonid family. In the late 1050s, Anno
persuaded Ezzo’s daughter Richeza to assign a number
of important family properties to Cologne. In 1060,
a bitter confl ict between Anno and Richeza’s cousin,
Count Palatine Henry, resulted in Henry’s loss of the
Siegberg (Southeast of Cologne), where Anno founded
a monastic community. With Ezzonid power broken,
Anno focused his political acumen on the affairs of the
realm. The death of Emperor Henry III in 1056 quickly
led to instability in the Reich. The young Henry IV was
barely six years old, and the regency exercised by the
empress Agnes was unpopular with the German aristoc-
racy. In 1062, Anno took matters into his own hands by
kidnapping the boy-king at Kaiserswerth on the Rhine.
Temporarily, Anno, as new regent, was the most pow-
erful person in Germany. In 1064, however, Anno was
called to Italy in the wake of a papal schism. Upon his
return, Anno found that his rival Adalbert, archbishop
of Hamburg-Bremen, had ingratiated himself with the
young king. In 1065, Henry IV celebrated his coming
of age, and promptly shook off whatever was left of the
authority Anno had once exercised over him.
Despite his role as archchancellor of Italy and the
Roman church, Anno distanced himself in the 1070s
from papal reform developments south of the Alps. More
important for Anno was monastic reform as a means of
furthering the infl uence of Cologne. Monks from Anno’s
Siegberg foundation reformed a number of important
communities in Germany. Other storms were brewing
in the twilight years of Anno’s pontifi cate. Cologne was
a wealthy city with a substantial middle class, and early
yearnings for urban liberty clashed with the archbishop’s
grip as lord of the city. In 1074, after Anno’s servants
impounded a merchant boat, the city rebelled. Anno
locked himself in the cathedral to escape rioting bur-
ghers, and in disguise that evening fl ed through a hole
in the city wall. The rebellion was brutally suppressed
by Anno a few days later, but left a bitter memory for
both city and bishop. When Anno died in 1075, he was
buried in his beloved monastery on the Siegberg, where
he was soon honored for his personal sanctity. His ca-
reer, on the eve of the Investiture Controversy, cannot
be stereotyped as either proimperial or propapal. Anno
fought for the rights not of the Roman church as much
as for those of his own see.
See also Henry III; Henry IV, EmperorFurther Reading
Arnold, Benjamin. “From Warfare on Earth to Eternal Paradise:
Archbishop Anno II of Cologne, the History of the Western
Empire in the Annolied, and the Salvation of Mankind.” Via-
tor 25 (1992): 95–113.
Jenal, Georg. Erzbischof Anno II. von Köln (1056–75) und
sein politisches Wirken: Ein Beitrag zur Geschichte der
Reichs—und Territorialpolitik im 11. Jahrhundert. Stuttgart:
Hiersemann, 1974/1975.
Oediger, Frederick Wilhelm. Die Regesten der Erzbischöfe von
Köln im Mittelalter, vol. 1. Düsseldorf: Droste, 1978, pp.
313–1099.
Rotondo-McCord, Jonathan. “Body Snatching and Episcopal
Power: Archbishop Anno II of Cologne, Burials in St. Mary’s
ad gradus, and the Minority of Henry IV.” Journal of Medieval
History 22 (1996): 297–312.
Jonathan Rotondo-McCordANNO