548 notes to pp. 138–54
Therapeutae: Vita Cont 32 - 3; 68; cf. J. E. Taylor, Jewish Women Philosophers of
First‑ Century Alexandria: Philo’s ‘Therapeutae’ Reconsidered (Oxford,
2006). 47. Philo, Vita Cont 21; John the Essene: Jos. BJ 2.567; 3.11, 19; Ess-
enes and martyrdom: Jos. BJ 2. 151 - 3. 48. Pliny, HN 5.73; Philo, Hypo 3; Jos.
BJ 2.120, 160; on Essenes after 70 ce, see Chapter 9. 49. Origins of Essenes:
Jos. AJ 13.171; Pliny, HN 5.73; origins of Fourth Philosophy: Jos. BJ 2.118; Jos.
AJ 18.9. 50. Jos. AJ 18.23; theocracy: Jos. Ap. 2. 165; on objections to a king
rather than judges, see 1 Sam 8:7. 51. Descriptions of Fourth Philosophy: Jos.
BJ 2.118; AJ 18. 4 - 10, 23 - 5; Judas from Galilee: Jos. BJ 2.118; AJ 18.23; Judas
from Gamala: Jos. AJ 18.4, 10; nothing like other philosophies: Jos. BJ 2.118;
like Pharisees: Jos. AJ 18.23; Judas as leader: Jos. AJ 18.23. 52. Jos. AJ 18.25
(led to disaster). 53. Jos. BJ 7. 253 - 4 (Masada), 418 (sicarii in Egypt); 2. 254 - 5
(defined as terrorists); on descendants of Judas, see M. Hengel, The Zealots:
Investigation into the Jewish Freedom Movement in the Period from Herod I
until 70 ad (Edinburgh, 1989). 54. Jos. BJ 4.161 (name of Zealots); 197- 201
(warfare); on the rebel armies as split, see Tac. Hist. 5.12. 3 - 4. 55. Jos. BJ 4.
560 - 63. 56. Eleazar b. Simon: Jos. BJ 2.564, 565; Jos. BJ 4. 153 - 7 (new High
Priest appointed). 57. Luke 6:15; Pinchas: Num 25: 1 - 15; Ben Sira 48: 1 - 2; 1
Macc 2:26; zeal as praiseworthy: John 2:17; Gal 1: 13 - 14; m. Sanh. 9:6.
- Menachem: Jos. BJ 2.433, 434, 442, 444, 445; Eleazar b. Yair: Jos. BJ 2.447;
Zealots distinguished from sicarii : Jos. BJ 7. 262 - 73. 59. Jos. AJ 18. 8 - 9, 25;
Acts 5:37. 60. Jos. BJ 5. 99 - 104; b. Yom. 9b (‘causeless hatred’); M. Hadas-
Lebel, Jerusalem against Rome (Paris, 2006) (hatred of Rome). 61. For these
arguments, see M. Goodman, ‘A Note on the Qumran Sectarians, the Essenes and
Josephus’, in idem, Judaism in the Roman World, 137 - 43. 62. Songs of Sabbath
Sacrifice: 4Q403, frag. 1, col. 1, lines 30 - 34. 63. Introduction to the Dead Sea
scrolls in J. VanderKam and P. Flint, The Meaning of the Dead Sea Scrolls (Lon-
don, 2005); on Qumran, see J. Magness, The Archaeology of Qumran and the
Dead Sea Scrolls (Grand Rapids, Mich., 2002). 64. Passages cited: 1QS, col. 1,
lines 1 - 20; col. 9, line 21. 65. On the self- designation of the community, see
Schürer, History, 2:575, n. 4; text cited: 1QS, col. 8, lines 5 - 10. 66. 1QS, col. 6,
lines 7 - 10, 24 - 7. 67. CD- A, col. 6 line 19 (new covenant); col. 16, line 10
(women); col. 9, line 11 (property); col. 11, line 11 (manservants and maidser-
vants); col. 12, line 1 (sexual relations); col. 12, lines 6 - 11 (gentiles); col. 13, line
15 (commerce). 68. 4Q270, frag. 7, col. 1, lines 13 - 14; hybrid text: 4Q265. 69.
Priest at meals: 1QS, col. 6, lines 2 - 5; teaching: CD, col. 13, lines 2 - 3; Guardian:
CD, col. 13, lines 7 - 9 (cf. 1QS, col. 6, line 12); initiation: 1QS, col. 1, lines 16 - 24;
Shavuot: Jub. 6: 17 - 22. 70. On the War Scroll, see J. Duhaime, The War Texts:
1QM and Related Manuscripts (London, 2004); Temple Scroll: 11Q19, col. 51,
lines 15 - 16; hymns: IQH (Hodayot). 71. On the Qumran commentary on Hab-
akkuk (Pesher Habakkuk ): on Hab 1:5, 1QpHab, col. 2, lines 1 - 10; 1QpHab, col.
5, lines 9 - 12, on Hab 1:3; CD BII, col. 19, line 33– col. 20, line 8. 72. CD BII, col.
20, lines 8 - 19. 73. 4Q416, frag. 2, col. 3, lines 12 - 13; 1QS, col. 11, lines 8 - 9; on
the dual Messiah, see J. J. Collins, The Scepter and the Star: The Messiahs of the
Dead Sea Scrolls and Other Ancient Literature (Grand Rapids, Mich., 2010).