550 notes to pp. 168–87
haver : t. Dem. 2:9; 3:4. 15. t. Dem. 2:12 (probation period); t. Dem. 2:15 (mater-
nal grandfather); 3:9 (trans. Neusner, adapted). 16. t. Dem. 2:13. 17. t. Dem.
2:17 (daughter and wife of haver ); 3:9 (‘serpent’); t. A. Zar. 3:10 (Gamaliel).
- m. Kidd. 1:9; b. B.B 75a (haverim as scholars). 19. Philo, Spec Leg
I.134. 20. On Philo’s life and family, see S. Sandmel, Philo of Alexandria: An
Introduction (New York, 1979); on pilgrimage: Philo, Provid II. 64; on embassy:
E. M. Smallwood, Philonis Alexandrini Legatio ad Gaium, 2nd edn (Leiden,
1970). 21. Eusebius, Hist. eccl. 2.4.2 (trans. Runia); see D. T. Runia, Philo in
Early Christian Literature: A Survey (Assen, 1993), 212 - 34. 22. Philo, Op 8 (on
Moses as philosopher); Philo, Spec Leg IV. 105 - 9. 23. Philo, Vita Mos 74, 76;
Philo, Dec 20. 24. Philo, Mut 15; D. T. Runia, Philo of Alexandria and the
Timaeus of Plato (Leiden, 1986); A. Kamesar, ed., The Cambridge Companion to
Philo (Cambridge, 2009). 25. Wis 16:12; Philo, Heres 230 - 31 (trans. Colson);
Op 24 (Logos as mind of God); Somn II 188, with 183 (Logos between man and
God). 26. Philo, Migr 1 - 3. 27. Philo, Quaes Gen I‑ IV 2.57; M. Niehoff, Jew‑
ish Exegesis and Homeric Scholarship in Alexandria (Cambridge, 2011); Philo,
Leg All II. 19 - 22 (Adam); Vita Mos 2.40. 28. S. Belkin, Philo and the Oral Law
(Cambridge, Mass., 1940) (on Philo and rabbinic tradition); M. Niehoff, Philo on
Jewish Identity and Culture (Tübingen, 2001) (on laws as a whole); on Aristobulus:
C. R. Holladay, Fragments from Hellenistic Jewish Authors, 4 vols. (Chico, Calif.,
1987 - 96), 3: 153 - 5, 136 - 7, 185; Schürer, History, 3:582. 29. Philo, De Abra‑
hamo 99 (Colson); on other allegorists, see Philo, De Posteritate Caini 41 - 2; Migr
89 (extreme allegorists). 30. Jos. AJ 19. 259 - 60 (Josephus on Philo); Philo, Vita
Mos 1. 1 - 2; use of Philo’s writings by Josephus: Jos. AJ 18. 18 - 21 (Essenes); Jos. AJ - 234– 19.274 (Rome in time of Caligula). 31. Pork: Philo, Leg. 361 - 2; Spec
Leg IV. 100- 101 (pork as delicious); M. Goodman, ‘Philo as a Philosopher in
Rome’, in B. Decharneux and S. Inowlocki, eds., Philon d’Alexandrie: Un Penseur
à l’intersection des cultures gréco‑ romaine, orientale, juive et chrétienne (Turn-
hout, 2011), 37 - 45. 32. J. Gutmann, ed., The Dura‑ Europos Synagogue: A
Re‑ evaluation (1932– 1992) (Atlanta, 1992) on the Dura- Europos Synagogue;
Philo in rabbinic commentary: Ber. Rab. 1:1; Philo, Op 16; J. Weinberg, trans.,
Azariah de’ Rossi: The Light of the Eyes (New Haven, 2001); see below, Chapter
- Jos. AJ 18. 63 - 4. 34. Roman sources: Tac. Ann. 15.44; Pliny, Ep. 10.96;
rabbinic sources: P. Schäfer, M. Meerson and Y. Deutsch, eds., Toledot Yeshu (‘The
Life Story of Jesus’) Revisited (Tübingen, 2011). 35. On disputes about the
authenticity of this passage, see A. Whealey, Josephus on Jesus: The Testimonium
Flavianum Controversy from Late Antiquity to Modern Times (New York and
Oxford, 2003). 36. E. P. Sanders, Jesus and Judaism (London, 1988). 37. Acts
5: 34 - 9 (Gamaliel); Jesus on Temple worship: Matt 5: 23 - 4. 38. Acts 10: 9 -
- Jos. AJ 18. 63 - 4. 34. Roman sources: Tac. Ann. 15.44; Pliny, Ep. 10.96;
- Mark 11: 15 - 17 (‘cleansing of the Temple’); Mark 13: 1 - 2 (prophecy). 40.
Matt 5: 21 - 2; Mark 10: 5 - 9 (Jesus on divorce). 41. Mark 14: 55 - 64 (blasphemy
charge); 15:26 (‘King of the Jews’); G. Vermes, Jesus: Nativity, Passion, Resurrec‑
tion (London, 2010). 42. 1 Cor 1:1; 2 Cor 1:3; ‘son of God’: Rom 1:4.
- Mark 11: 15 - 17 (‘cleansing of the Temple’); Mark 13: 1 - 2 (prophecy). 40.
- John 11: 1 - 44 (Lazarus); G. Vermes, Resurrection: History and Myth (Lon-
don, 2008). 44. On early Christian beliefs, see P. Fredriksen, From Jesus to