notes to pp. 251–60 555
Archaeological Finds and Talmudic Sources’, in L. I. Levine, ed., The Galilee in
Late Antiquity (New York, 1992), 357– 71; T. Ilan, ‘Kever Israel: Since When Do
Jews Bury their Dead Separately and What Did They Do Beforehand?’, in H. Eshel
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Sacks, 302 (Sabbath blessing), 610 (havdalah). 19. Ch. Raphael, A Feast of
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observance of the holidays for two days instead of one, see S. Zeitlin, Studies in
the Early History of Judaism (New York, 1973), 223 - 33. 20. m. R.Sh. 1:2. On
the development of festival liturgical practices, see A. P. Bloch, The Biblical and
Historical Background of the Jewish Holy Days (New York, 1978). 21. On the
complex history of the Kol Nidrei declaration, and rabbinic objections to it, see
I. Elbogen, Jewish Liturgy: A Comprehensive History (Philadelphia, 1993), 128,
311; on Sukkot, see J. L. Rubenstein, The History of Sukkot in the Second Temple
and Rabbinic Periods (Atlanta, 1995); on the Hanukkah oil miracle, see b. Shab.
21b; on both Hanukkah and Purim, see T. Gaster, Purim and Hanukkah: In
Custom and Tradition (New York, 1950); on domestic liturgical objects, see
A. Kanof, Jewish Ceremonial Art and Religious Observance (New York,
1969). 22. m. A. Zar. 1:1, 3; J. Gutmann, ed., The Dura‑ Europos Synagogue: A
Re‑ evaluation (1932– 1992) (Atlanta, 1992); A Hachlili, Ancient Jewish Art and
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general, see M. Goodman, ‘Palestinian Rabbis and the Conversion of Constantine
to Christianity’, in P. Schafer and C. Hezser, eds., The Talmud Yerushalmi and
Greco‑ Roman Culture, vol. 2 (Tübingen, 2000), 1 - 9; on Isaiah passage: Justin,
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the ‘true Israel’: Justin, Dialogue with Trypho, 123; Song of Songs Rabbah 7:3;
M. Hirshman, A Rivalry of Genius: Jewish and Christian Biblical Interpretation
in Late Antiquity (New York, 1996), 15-16. 24. On the disputations, see
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200 bce to 640 ce (Princeton, 2004); on polygamy, see Z. Falk, Matrimonial Law
in the Middle Ages (London, 1966), 1 - 34; on martyrdom of Akiva: b. Ber.
61b. 26. R. Chazan, God, Humanity, and History: The Hebrew First Crusade
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(New Haven, 1998), 97 - 8, 235 - 48; Maimonides in Teshuvot Rambam (1958),
no. 149; on the influence of Islamic scholasticism on medieval Judaism, see
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(Princeton, 2009). 28. M. Hyamson, trans., Duties of the Heart by R. Bachya
ben Joseph ibn Paquda, 2 vols. (New York, 1970), vol. 2, p. 295 (Bahya); M. Adler,
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