562 notes to pp. 323–35
Survival (New York, 1963). 16. On local ‘Purims’, see E. Horowitz, Reckless
Rites: Purim and the Legacy of Jewish Violence (Princeton, 2006), ch. 10, with
293- 301 on Narbonne; tombs of saints: J. W. Meri, The Cult of Saints among
Muslims and Jews in Medieval Syria (Oxford, 2002), 221 (on Sahl); on head cov-
ering: b. Kidd. 51a; Isaac b. Jacob ha- Kohen Alfasi (the Rif), Kidd. 217b; R. Yitzak
b. Moshe, Or Zaru’a, Hilkhot Shabbat (Zhitomir, 1862), II 43. 17. T. Alexander-
Frizer, The Pious Sinner (Tübingen, 1991), 24 (story from Sefer Hasidim ); on the
Hasidei Ashkenaz in general, see I. Marcus, Piety and Society: The Jewish Pietists
of Medieval Germany (Leiden, 1981); Bahya in M. Hyamson, trans., Duties of
the Heart by R. Bachya ben Joseph ibn Paquda, 2 vols. (New York, 1970), vol. 2,
p. 303, citing Isa 45:18. 18. E. N. Adler, Jewish Travellers (London, 1930) (on
Eldad the Danite); Rosh, Responsa 17:8 (on Cordoba). 19. Rabbenu Tam on
need for unanimity: M. Elon, The Principles of Jewish Law (Jerusalem, 1975),
163 - 5; L. Finkelstein, Jewish Self‑ Government in the Middle Ages (New York,
1974), 49 - 55; on Rabbenu Tam’s controversy with Meshullam, see T. Fishman,
Becoming the People of the Talmud (Philadelphia, 2011), 144 - 7; I. Twersky,
Rabad of Posquières (Cambridge, Mass., 1962), 131 (Rabad on Maimon-
ides). 20. H. A. Wolfson, The Philosophy of the Kalam (Cambridge, 1976);
Saadiah Gaon, The Book of Beliefs and Opinions, Introduction, Section 6. 1 - 3
(trans. Alexander); on Saadiah in general, see R. Brody, Sa’adyah Gaon (Oxford,
2013). 21. S. Stroumsa, Dawud ibn Marwan Al‑ Muqammis’s Twenty Chapters
(Leiden, 1989), 158, 160; on Bahya, see C. Sirat, A History of Jewish Philosophy
in the Middle Ages (Cambridge, 1990), 81 - 3. 22. On the philosophical works of
ibn Gabirol, see Sirat, History of Jewish Philosophy, 68 - 81; philosophical aims:
S. Wise, The Improvement of the Moral Qualities (New York, 1901), 50; poetry:
R. Loewe, Ibn Gabirol (London, 1989), 119. 23. On the golden age of Hebrew
religious poetry in Spain, see P. Cole, The Dream of the Poem (Princeton, 2007);
on the Kuzari, see N. D. Korobkin, The Kuzari: In Defense of the Despised Faith,
2nd edn (New York, 2009). 24. Judah Halevi, Kuzari 5:14 (trans. Alexan-
der). 25. M. R. Menocal, The Ornament of the World (Boston, 2002)
(convivencia ); S. Stroumsa, Maimonides in his World: Portrait of a Mediterra‑
nean Thinker (Princeton, 2009), 6 (intellectual openness). 26. H. A. Davidson,
Moses Maimonides: The Man and his Works (New York, 2005); M. Halbertal,
Maimonides: Life and Thought (Princeton, 2013). 27. Stroumsa, Maimonides,
8 - 9; on the death of Maimonides’ brother: S. D. Goitein, Letters of Medieval Jew‑
ish Traders (Princeton, 1973), 207. 28. Maimonides, Guide 2.13.1, in Moses
Maimonides, The Guide of the Perplexed, trans. S. Pines (Chicago, 1963), 281;
on Maimonides as a philosopher, see D. H. Frank and O. Leaman, eds., The Cam‑
bridge Companion to Medieval Jewish Philosophy (Cambridge, 2003). 29.
Maimonides, Letter on Astrology, p. 235, cited by M. M. Kellner, Maimonides on
the ‘Decline of the Generations’ and the Nature of Rabbinic Authority (Albany,
NY, 1996), 56 (reason required in halakha); m. Sanh. 10: 1 - 4; Maimonides, Com‑
mentary on the Mishnah, Sanhedrin 10 (Helek) 1 - 21 (trans. Alexander). 30. On
Maimonides and Islam, see Stroumsa, Maimonides, 9 - 10; Singer– Sacks, 308 (Yig‑
dal ). 31. L. D. Stitskin, trans. and ed., Letters of Maimonides (New York,