Burnt by the Sun. The Koreans of the Russian Far East - Jon K. Chang

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Notes

CHAPTER  1 : INTRODUCTION

1. Nansen, Through Siberia, 368. Nansen mentions and paraphrases Arsenev through-
   out chapter 15, “The Ussuri Region, Vladivostok and Khabarovsk.”


2. “Nationality” in the context of this study refers to a sociohistorical people or eth-
   nic group. Likewise, “national differences” or “national conflicts” refer to conflicts between
   the vari o us national groups and ethnic minorities in Rus sia/the USSR such as the Rus sians,
   Germans, Greeks, Armenians, Koreans, and Chinese. If in doubt, refer to the Glossary.


3. Hirsch, Empire of Nations, 329–333. Note that the acronym RFE will be used
   frequently to refer to the Rus sian Far East.


4. Jeremy Smith, The Bolsheviks and the Nationality Question, 1917–23 (New York:
   St. Martin’s Press, 1999), 19–64.


5. Jews were considered by many as a diaspora nationality even before the creation of
   Israel (1948).


6. “Maligned” refers to Eastern Slavs and other colonists of Eu ro pean stock being
   given preference over Korean immigration. It also refers to the disdain towards Asian agri-
   cultural methods, medicine, and culture during the tsarist and Soviet periods. The reports
   by Geitsman and Arsenev in Chapter 5 demonstrate the difficulty that Soviet bureaucrats
   and cadres had in accepting the Koreans as a Soviet people.


7. Wada, “Koreans in the Soviet Far East,” 45; and Bugai and Pak, 140 let v Rossii,
   237–238.


8. For examples, see M. T. Kim, Koreiskie internatsionalisty v borbe za vlast Sovietov
   na Dalnem Vostoke (Moscow: Nauka, 1979), and Vladimir Kim and Elvira Kim, Eshelon
   58— ushol na vsegda (Tashkent: Turon- Iqbol, 2007).


9. Kim, Koreiskie, 71–72.


10. RGASPI- f. 17, o. 21, d. 5411, l. 270.


11. “Bednota zavershaet pobedu,” Krasnoe znamia, August 21, 1929, no. 190 (2705)


12. More attention will be given to the repression of Korean kulaks in Chapter 5. For the
    percentage of Korean rich peasants, see the 1923 Commission report, table 4.


13. Kim and Kim, Eshelon 58, 18, and Wada, “Koreans in the Soviet Far East,” 44.


14. Martin, Affirmative Action Empire, 16. “Model moderns” refers to Soviet middle-
    men minorities working in a command economy. See Slezkine, The Jewish Century, 1–20.


15. The Chinese deportation from the RFE also used Chinese NKVD to assist in
    their deportation. See Khisamutdinov, The Rus sian Far East, 119–121.


16. Western historians have often ignored or downplayed the geopolitics within East
    Asia, especially Japan’s occupation of Korea, when assessing the Korean deportation of


17. Instead, their “geopo liti cal” focus has consistently mirrored the Soviet line of being