202 Notes to Pages 9–14
“encircled by enemies” on both its western (Poland, Germany, and Finland) and its eastern
( Japan) borders. See James Harris for the macroview of the geopolitics faced by Stalin.
Harris does not assess the Korean deportation, so the aforementioned does not apply; James
Harris, “Encircled by Enemies: Stalin’s Perceptions of the Cap i tal ist World, 1918–1941,”
The Journal of Strategic Studies 30, no. 3 ( June 2007): 522–523, 528–541.
CHAPTER 2 : THE RFE AS A FRONTIER MELTING PO T, 1863 – 1917
- Pesotskii, Koreiskii vopros v Priamure, 4.
- According to a census conducted in 1922, 90 percent of the Koreans in the Ussuri
were or had ancestors originally from Hamgyong, Korea. See Anosov, Koreitsy, 7n1.
- Regarding Asian emigration, see Adam M. McKeown, Melancholy Order: Asian
Migration and the Globalization of Borders (New York: Columbia University Press, 2008).
The Opium Wars gave British, American, French, and Rus sians extraterritoriality in China,
an extremely low tariff, and the legalization of opium, and China paid a large war indem-
nity (fine) of 21 million dollars. See Jack Beeching, The Chinese Opium Wars (New York:
HBJ Books, 1975).
- From 1848 to 1882, some 300,000 Chinese entered the United States. See Dan-
iels, Coming to Amer i ca, 239.
- Ki- baik Lee, A New History of Korea, 263. Even then only 8,000 Koreans left for
Hawaii between 1903 and 1920; see Takaki, Strangers from a Dif er ent Shore, 27–28.
- Palais, Confucian Statecraft and Korean Institutions, 238–240.
- Ibid., 107.
- Nam, Rossiiskie Koreitsy, 26.
- Bugai and Pak, 14 0 let, 19.
- Unterberger, Primoskaia oblast, 68– 69.
- Anosov, Koreitsy, 6.
- Syn Hva Kim, Ocherki, 28, and Anosov, Koreitsy, 6.
- B. D. Pak, Koreitsy v rossiiskoi imperii, 22.
- Ki- b aik Lee, A New History of Korea, 253. The “fire field” farmers worked tempo-
rary plots located on inclined plots on mountainsides. They typically represented the lowest
rung of farmers.
- B. D. Pak, Koreitsy v rossiiskoi imperii, 22.
- V. Vagin, “Koreitsy na Amure,” in Sbornik istoriko- statischeskikh svedenii o Sibrii i
sopredel ’nykh ei stranakh (1875), 4.
- Ibid., 8.
- Anosov, Koreitsy, 242, states: “It is an error to believe that the so- called ‘yellow
question’ consists only of economic competition. [However,] In our pres ent time there is
occurring in the East an economic strug gle between ‘yellow’ and Rus sians.” V. V. Grave
believed that Chinese economic power in the RFE meant that they were the “real” rulers;
see Grave, Kitaitsy, 38–39.
- Nathans, Beyond the Pale, 353–354. The number of Jews in secondary and higher
education and law rose in the 1880s. They were soon met with strict quotas and or the
threat of quotas.
- Toropov, Koreitsy na Rossiiskom Dalnem Vostoke, 18.
- Ibid.
- Ibid., 36.
