Burnt by the Sun. The Koreans of the Russian Far East - Jon K. Chang
204 Notes to Pages 16–19
- Owen, Capitalism and Politics in Rus sia, 29–45, and Rieber, Merchants and Entre-
preneurs, 421, see “encirclement.”
- For Nicholas II, see Duncan, Rus sian Messianism, 42. The Black Hundreds took
part in many Jewish pogroms in 1903 and 1905. Regarding Sergei Witte, see Harcave,
Count Sergei Witte, 26. Witte’s chief proj ect was the Trans- Siberian railroad that aimed to
strengthen Rus sia’s hold on Siberia.
- Rieber, Merchants and Entrepreneurs, 61, 112, and Slocum, “Who, and When,
Were the Inorodtsy?” 174.
- In 1881, eight of seventeen commissions on education approved explicit quotas
because Jews were portrayed as predators of Rus sian education (the resource); see Nathans,
Beyond the Pale, 261–262.
- Ibid., 353.
- Grave, Kitaitsy, 38–39.
- P. F. Unterberger gave a “fixed outcome” that was similar to Arsenev’s advice: “Cede
the last place to the Chinese. Let him in the region but don’t let him just lie there [i.e., put
him to work]. The Chinese handle every thing in their businesses. They come in through the
back door. They fight against Eu ro pean influence.” See Unterberger, Primorskaia oblast, 220.
- Sviatoslav Kaspe, “Modernization in the Second Half of the Nineteenth
Century,” in Rus s ian Empire: Space, People, Power, 1700–1930, ed. Jane Burbank, Mark Von
Hagen, and Anatoli Remnev (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2007), 475.
- Pesotskii, Koreiskii vopro v Priamure, 9 7.
- Vagin, “Koreitsy na Amure,” 25. General Kuropatkin believed that Chinese and
Koreans would improve the level of agriculture in the RFE, “ but at the same time, surplus
land for our own people would be passing into the hands of non- Russian races.” See Ku-
ropatkin, The Rus sian Army and the Japa nese War, 1:71.
- In the case of Nicholas II, neither he nor his family spoke the Rus sian language
at home. Thus Rus sian nobility did not necessarily depend on Orthodoxy and the Rus sian
language. For the nobility, Rus sianness was based on heredity (race); see Kappeler, The Rus-
sian Empire, 158, 170.
- See Aihwa Ong, Flexible Citizenship: The Cultural Logics of Transnationality
(Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 1999), and Pal Nyiri, Chinese in Eastern Eu rope and
Rus sia: A Middleman Minority in a Transnational Era (New York: Routledge, 2007).
- E. J. Harrison, Peace or War East of Baikal? (Yokohama: Kelly & Walsh, 1910),
- This was due to protective policies for RFE businesses. Vodka costs were: Chinese side
of Amur (R 1.50), Rus sia (R.12); sugar: China, R:5.4 per pud, Rus sia, R: 10.0. R is ruble(s).
- Bronner, A Rumor about the Jews, 99–10 0.
- Not being able to “pass for Rus sian” made the Soviet era and becoming “new
Soviet men” even more appealing to Koreans and other “inorodtsy.”
- Grave, Kitaitsy, 38–39, 125, 14 4 –147.
- Lattimore, Manchuria, 11, and J. J. Stephan, Rus s ian Far East, 78. Leroy- Beaulieu
was more emphatic. China was the “sickman of Peking” when compared with Japan. “The
Japa nese are the only Oriental people to have understood the conditions necessary to attain
this aim [being treated “as an equal with any of the other nations in the world”]”; see Pierre
Leroy- Beaulieu, The Awakening of the East, trans. Richard Davey (London: Heineman,
1900), 167, 174.
- The Japa nese totaled only around 5,000 in the RFE and worked primarily in
skilled labor, their own enterprises, or within their own community; see J. J. Stephan, Rus-
sian Far East, 76–77. L.G., “Zhyolty trud na Dalnem Vostoke po dannym 1914 goda,” in
