Notes to Pages 20–24 205
Voprosy kolonizatsii 19, ed. G. F. Chirkin and N. A. Gavrilov (St. Petersburg: Uchebnoe
delo, 1916), 140–171; the author of “Zhyolty trud” was given as “L.G.” only.
- Alex Marshall, The Rus sian General Staf and Asia, 1800–1917 (London: Rout-
ledge, 2006), 87.
- Ibid., 76–77. Many observers and military experts felt that China was so handily
defeated primarily because of a failure to modernize. For example, “ only three- fifths of the
Chinese troops mobilized against them had some sort of firearm, many carry ing only a
pike, spear or sword.” According to this reasoning, this prob lem could easily be rectified.
See ibid., 77.
- Gerrare, Greater Rus sia, 192.
- Wolff, To the Harbin Station, 34.
- Arsenev, Kitaitsy, 2 47.
- David Schimmelpenninnck van der Oye, Toward the Rising Sun, 52, states that
Ukhtomskii was his close adviser until around 1900.
- Ibid., 247–248.
- Ukhtomskii, K sobytiiam v Kitae, 79–80.
- Ibid.
- Regarding Koreans as “yellow yids,” see Anosov, Koreitsy, 11, and J. J. Stephan,
Rus sian Far East, 76. Regarding the Chinese as sent by the Sanhedrin, see Forsyth, A His-
tory of the Peoples of Siberia, 221.
- Lewis H. Siegelbaum, “Another ‘Yellow Peril’ ”: Chinese Mi grants in the Rus-
sian Far East and the Rus sian Reaction before 1917, Modern Asian Studies 12, no. 2 (1978):
323, 325; and Frederic Coleman, Japan Moves North: The Inside Story of the Strug gle for Siberia
(New York: Cassell & Co., 1918), 52–53.
- Anosov, Koreitsy, 10–12, and Stephan, Rus sian Far East, 79–80.
- Anosov, Koreitsy, 12.
- Any trait— whether constructed, social, cultural, or biological, such as ethnicity,
religion, creed, physical traits, place of origin, and language— can be essentialized or reified
so that it “becomes the functional equivalent of race.” The belief in essentialized or ascrip-
tive race as applied to par tic u lar groups of people is called “primordialism.” See Frederick-
son, Racism, 141, 153–154. Malik, The Meaning of Race, 148.
- Arsenev, Kitaitsy, 242–243.
- Grave, Kitaitsy, 423.
- Harrison, Peace or War East of Baikal? 424–425.
- Hatada, A History of Korea, 109–113, and Shin, Ethnic Nationalism in Korea, 42–44.
- The formation of identity and the pro cess of assimilation are reciprocal pro cesses
(akin to a two- way street). It is not only impor tant who I think I am, but also who others say
I am or can be. The society at large serves as a feedback loop telling the individual which
roles/identities are acceptable and which are not. In the Soviet period, as a Korean from the
Primore, I may tell myself that I am also “Rus sian.” However, after several failed attempts
to “pass” as a Rus sian, I may decide to use this identity only when I am with other Soviet
Koreans. Stalin’s case was entirely diff er ent due to his position and power. When he made
errors in Rus sian (though no one dared to imitate his heavy Georgian accent), his subordi-
nates (Poliburo and Central Committee members) would respond by repeating Stalin’s er-
rors of diction, syntax and grammar, despite the fact that they (not he) were native speakers
of Rus s ian. The ac cep tance of Stalin and a few other non- Slavic “Old Bolsheviks” as “Rus-
sians” is not at all reflective of the popu lar attitudes (regarding nationality) and preju-
dices that a common citizen would have faced in the USSR.
