210 Notes to Pages 44–47
eased tensions with the Japa nese. Also see Suh, The Korean Communist Movement 1918–
1948, 31n12.
- Though it was called the Shanghai- Chita faction, all of these members were liv-
ing in the USSR at the time and the battle was fought entirely on Soviet soil. Afterwards,
some of the prisoners were immediately executed, some went to prison, and some were later
deported to Korea. See ibid., 28–35; Chong- Sik Lee, Politics of Korean Nationalism, 160 –
161, and Kho, Koreans in Soviet Central Asia, 39n51.
- Marina Fuchs, “The Soviet Far East as a Strategic Outpost and the Regional
Authorities’ Nationality Policy: The Korean Question, 1920–1929,” Sibirica: Journal of Sibe-
rian Studies 4, no. 2 (October 2004): 204–205.
- Somewhere around 40 percent or less of the Koreans were citizens; see Wada,
“Koreans in the Soviet Far East,” 30, 34.
- M. T. Kim’s Koreiskie internatsionalisty lists 72 Koreans who emerged as com-
munity Bolshevik leaders during the Intervention: see M. T. Kim, Koreiskie, 143 –14 4.
- Chong- Sik Lee, Politics of Korean Nationalism, 161–162.
- J. J. Stephan, Rus sian Far East, xxii.
- Lincoln, Conquest of a Continent, 291, details the horrific POW camp conditions
in Rus s ia. White, Siberian Intervention, 284, tells of a Japa nese regiment that became Bol-
sheviks/socialists who were taken out to sea on the battleship Mikasa and shot.
- M. T. Kim, Koreiskie, 55.
- Born Grigorii Eliseevich Khan. Grigori Khan or Khan Chan Gol (Ger) is on the
far right of this book’s cover along with two other Korean NKVD officers. Note that only
the NKVD wore red rank insignia bands (at the collar) which differentiated them from
other military or police officers. Khan was the highest ranking Korean NKVD officer, lead-
ing the Third Division of Birobidzhan, JAR ( Jewish Autonomous Region). See Svetlana
Ku- Degai, Koreitsy zhertvy politicheskikh repressii v SSSR,1934–1938, kniga 4 (Moscow:
Vozvrashchenie, 2004), 69. Ku- Degai has transliterated Khan Chan Gol as Khan Chan
Ger. Gol or Ger are the transliterations of the same name in Korean (the l and the r are
interchangeable).
- See Pak, Koreitsy v Sovetskoi, 46, regarding information on the Olginsk resolution.
- Jamie Bisher, e- mail to author, April 27, 2011. Bisher is the author of W h i te Te r-
ror: Cossack Warlords of the Trans- Siberian.
- Khan Chan Gol and his brother Khan Shen Gol were renowned as Korean In de-
pen d ence patriots even though they were Rus sian and then Soviet citizens. Khan Rem (son
of Khan Shen Gol) showed this author a plaque and medals awarded posthumously to
Khan Chan Gol and Khan Shen Gol by the South Korean government; see Khan Rem,
Interview by Jon Chang, Kolhoz Pravda, Tashkent, Uzbekistan, June 9, 2009.
- Vari ous differing facts regarding Khan Chan Gol (they use Han as the surname)
were gathered from Hara, “Korean Movement,” 8, 14; M. T. Kim, Koreiskie, 77–80, and
Pak, Koreitsy v Sovetskoi, 44–46. Regarding the Gajda Mutiny, see all three previously
listed sources and Bisher, W h i te Te r r o r, 203–205. None of the Soviet lit er a ture mention
Khan/Han’s 1937–1938 repression and execution.
- It is rather ironic that Afanasii’s father was named Arsenev after Vladimir K.
Arsenev, who was one of the USSR’s foremost ethnographers and whose report played quite
a large role in the Korean nationality’s po liti cal life and, later, deportation.
- Kim and Kim, Eshelon 58, 14–15. Much of the material on Afanasii Kim was
obtained from his memoirs, which were kept by his son, A. A. Kim, and nephew, A. D.
Kan, and passed on to Vladimir Kim in 1989.
