Burnt by the Sun. The Koreans of the Russian Far East - Jon K. Chang

212 Notes to Pages 53–57

4. “Orientalist” referring to Said’s Orientalism, where the Asian is defined, reduced,
   and framed by the Western lens. See Edward  W. Said, Orientalism (New York: Vintage
   Books, 1979).


5. OKDVA is an acronym for the Special Red Banner Far- Eastern Army. The
   OKDVA collective farms recruited demobilized Red Army soldiers, but no Koreans or
   Chinese even if they had Red Army experience.


6. “Partiinaia zhizn: chistka partii,” Krasnoe znamia, April 21, 1923, no. 89 (807).


7. “Gubsoveshanie koreiskikh unikh pionerov,” Krasnoe znamia, September 13, 1924,
   no. 209 (1225): 2.


8. “Koreiskii vopros,” Krasnoe znamia, September 27, 1924, no. 221 (1237).


9. “Pervoe zasedanie GorSovet,” Krasnoe znamia, December 18, 1925, no. 289 (1604).


10. “Rabota koreiskoi organizatsii,” Krasnoe znamia, March 15, 1925, no. 61 (1376).


11. Grave, Kitaitsy, 175.


12. Demobilized Red Army resettlers and settlers received major advantages over
    other Rus sian colonists from Western and Central Rus sia. Both groups received subsidized
    migration, start-up credits, and subsidies towards land, land development, machinery, and
    equipment. Red Army settlers received ten- year exemptions on individual agricultural
    taxes and 500 ruble grants for land development. These funds were paid for in part by Chinese
    and Korean peasants of the RFE who received few if any of these benefits. See Jonathan A.
    Bone, “Socialism in a Far Country: Stalinist Population Politics and the Making of the
    Soviet Far East, 1929–1939” (PhD diss., University of Chicago, 2003), 37, 45, 48, 50, 87.


13. For the Korean population, a population undercount remains valid through 1932.
    During the tsarist era, the undercount was approximately 30  percent.


14. During these three years ( until January 1926), the Korean population rose from
    106,000 to 168,009. See Bugai and Pak, 14 0 let, 206–207.


15. Wada, “Koreans,” 34.


16. Freeze, Rus sia: A History, 364–376.


17. 1 desiatina = 2.7 acres = 1.0925 hectares.


18. Bugai and Pak, 14 0 let, 226. Japan laid the foundation for RFE rice production
    during the Intervention; see Kho, Koreans in Soviet Central Asia, 20. After 1922, Dalkrai
    began to use hectares instead of desiatinas in their most of their figures.


19. Syn Hva Kim, Ocherki, 182–183.


20. Michael Gelb, “An Early Soviet Ethnic Deportation: The Far- Eastern Koreans,”
    Rus sian Review 54, no. 3 ( July 1995): 392.


21. Anosov, Koreitsy, 8.


22. Bugai and Pak, 14 0 let, 211.


23. Anosov, Koreitsy, 30, for 1926 data, 122 village soviets. See Gelb, “Early Soviet
    Ethnic Deportation,” 395, for remainder.


24. Bugai and Pak, 14 0 let, 224.


25. Krasnoe znamia gave the example of agricultural tax campaigns collected from
    the Korean artels, communes, and villages in order to pay for the five- youth Korean cells to
    teach them politics and the Rus sian alphabet. Korean farmers had paid 90  percent of the
    tax by January 1 of 1924. See “Partzhizn v Nikolske v Korsektsii,” Krasnoe znamia, Janu-
    ary 29, 1924, no. 23 (1039): 2.


26. Bugai and Pak, 14 0 let, 217.


27. Syn Hva Kim, Ocherki, 187, and Bugai and Pak, 14 0 let, 227–228.


28. Bugai and Pak, 14 0 let, 211, 214.


29. Syn Hva Kim, Ocherki, 189.