Burnt by the Sun. The Koreans of the Russian Far East - Jon K. Chang
Notes to Pages 57–62 213
- Ibid., 189–190, and Bugai and Pak, 14 0 let, 229.
- Middlemen minorities or “model moderns” were seen as foreigners, yet they often
worked outside of state control and earned healthy profits. For this reason, they were often
resented or seen as parasites.
- Koreans began to be collectivized on small kolkhozes, communes, and artels
around 1926. Simplified Soviet citizenship also began around 1926 or so and 1928 gave
these policies two years to take effect.
- Interviews conducted in Central Asia with Koreans who survived the 1937–1938
deportation.
- Pak (Maria) Interview stated that Soviet authorities prohibited opium sometime
around 1927. Also see Demyanenko, “Experience,” 181.
- Alexandra Kum Dai Kim, Interview 2 by Jon Chang, Kolkhoz Sverdlov, Tash-
kent, Uzbekistan, June 5, 2009.
- En Nok Kim, (Interview by Jon Chang, Kolkhoz Pravda, Tashkent, Uzbekistan,
June 5, 2009) also stated that “almost every one in his village grew opium as their primary
crop.” Kim and others stated: “Rus sians were charging Koreans up to 70 percent of the
harvest as the rent for land. Koreans wanted to work and eat, but also needed to have money
left over for clothes, shoes, and to eat meat once in a while.” It appeared that the rent was
negotiated for the price of grain crops. Then opium was grown, and typically there was
enough money for the other needs. The Korean farmer also had to calculate into his “ex-
penses” the price of being extorted or held up by Chinese or Rus sian bandits.
- Georgi Tai, Interview by Jon Chang, Tashkent, Uzbekistan, June 4, 2009.
- En Nok Kim Interview.
- “Sud: neulovimyi Lan Tszii Nian,” Krasnoe znamia, August 9, 1928, no. 183 (2395).
- Maria Pak, Interview(s) by Jon Chang, Kolkhoz Sverdlov, Tashkent, Uzbekistan,
May 31, 2009 and June 3, 2009. One advantage of interviewing Korean deportees on the
collective farms was that they often gave much more detailed and frank interviews than
urban Koreans.
- Gum Soi Kim, Interview by Jon Chang, Tashkent Oblast, Avangard (city), Uz-
bekistan, June 7, 2009.
- Bonnell, Iconography of Power, 201.
- “On the key issue of the object of ultimate loyalty, nation- shaping Rus sian na-
tionalism rejected the civic- ideological concept of the Soviet nation promoted by the official
Soviet nationalism, which extended membership in the nation to all ethnic groups.” See
Brudny, Reinventing Rus sia, 7.
- “Na granitse c Kitaem,” Krasnoe znamia, January 13, 1926, no. 9 (1622): 4. Spec-
ulators were those who bought and resold items for a profit. This was criminal activity in the
Soviet Union, but was permissible under the NEP period (1921–1929). These merchants
and traders were derisively called NEPmen. See Koenker, “Class and Consciousness in a
Socialist Society,” 41.
- “Proishestviia: ckopishche morfinistov,” Krasnoe znamia, September 13, 1928,
213 (2425): 4.
- “Von shovinizm iz sovetskogo apparata,” Krasnoe znamia, April 27, 1930, no. 96
(2920): 3.
- Lyudmila Van ( daughter of Van Si Ven), Interview by Jon Chang, Bishkek,
Kyrgyzstan, August 24, 2008.
- Also the individual citizens, institutions, and media began to assert their legal
rights, which led to a greater degree of questioning the Soviet authorities.
