Burnt by the Sun. The Koreans of the Russian Far East - Jon K. Chang
216 Notes to Pages 71–76
- Kenez, Birth of the Propaganda State, 145.
- Syn Khva Kim, Ocherki, 214.
- Pak, Koreitsy v Sovetskoi, 141–142.
- Syn Hva Kim, Ocherki, 215.
- Pak, Koreitsy v Sovetskoi, 142–143. One should question the legitimacy of a
90 percent literacy rate for 1930, as the 1928 literacy rate was only 48 percent.
- See Martin, Affirmative Action Empire, 127, for the 45 percent literacy rate for
Rus sians.
- Koreans were labelled a “backward nationality” and thus eligible for Soviet
educational stipends; see Martin, Affirmative Action Empire, 167. Vladimir Arsenev, in
his ethnographic book on the peoples of the RFE in 1928, stated in his description of
the Chinese and Koreans: “As opposed to the Chinese, the Koreans come to our region
with their families and devote themselves to the land. The Korean fellow is a real colonist
[agricultural].... [The Chinese as represented by the hunghuzi Arsenev mistakenly calls
the Boxers of the Boxer Rebellion ‘hunghuzi’] all of this testifies to their energy, liveliness
of character, and their highly developed initiative. We can see no similarity [of these
traits] in the Korean.” See Arsenev and Titov, Byt i kharakter narodnostei Dalnevostonogo
kraia, 24.
- Maria Pak Interview. This use of sand “notebooks” is the exception. In other
cases, I was told that that, minimally, there were two books per class, but every student had
a notebook. Note that Maria Pak was the eldest of my interviewees, born in 1913.
- Gum Soi Kim Interview.
- “Nuzhno zaostrit vnimane na vostochnom tsikle rabochego fakulteta,” Krasnoe
znamia, February 14, 1923, no. 34 (752).
- Marshall, Rus sian General Staf, 169.
- Larisa Kim, Interview by Jon Chang, Kolkhoz Pravda, Tashkent, Uzbekistan,
June 5, 2009.
- “Shkola i prosveshchenie: koreiskaia shkola krestianskoi molodezhi,” Krasnoe
znamia, January 12, 1926, no. 9 (1622).
- Rabfaks were adult education centers where workers could finish high school
equivalency courses and take courses to prepare themselves for institute or university stud-
ies. “Rabfak severno- vostochnikh narodnostei (pismo iz Leningrada),” Krasnoe znamia,
December 1, 1926, no. 275 (1888).
- Gerasim Pak, Interview Jon Chang, Tashkent, Uzbekistan, June 4, 2009.
- “Sovpartshkola: Piat let,” Krasnoe znamia, April 29, 1928, no. 101 (2313): 2.
- “Pravila priyoma v Vechernii Kommunisticheskii Universitet Vladivostokskoi
Organizatsii VKP (b),” Krasnoe znamia, September 5, 1929, no. 203 (2718).
- “Nash rabfak dal 280 studentov,” Krasnoe znamia, April 7, 1929, no. 79 (2594):
- The 280 students represented 280 rabfak gradu ates from 1923 now eligible to enter a
university or institute.
- Martin, Affirmative Action Empire, 16, and Stalin, Work s 5, 247–250.
- “Natsionalnyi vopros na printsipialnuu vysotu,” Krasnoe znamia, January 9, 1931,
no. 7 (3174): 2.
- GAKhK f. P-2, op. 1, d. 112, ll. 1–9.
- Ibid., l. 9.
- A r s ene v, Kitaitsy, 241. Also, when 77 Korean Red Army and OKDVA conscripts
were demobilized after the Intervention in 1923, they were given land that was simply for-