Burnt by the Sun. The Koreans of the Russian Far East - Jon K. Chang
Notes to Pages 86–90 219
- Professor George Lensen’s Japa nese Recognition of the U.S.S.R. is essentially an
entire monograph devoted to the Russo- Japanese concessions through 1930. See Lensen,
Japa nese Recognition of the U.S.S.R.: Soviet- Japanese Relations, 19211930 (Tallahassee: The
Diplomatic Press, 1970), 177–373. Page 232 gives the signing date of the 1925 Convention.
- Moore, Soviet Far Eastern Policy, 1931–1945, 50 , 17 7.
- Davies, Soviet Economic Development from Lenin to Khrushchev, 25.
- Moore, Soviet Far Eastern Policy, 176.
- Hara, “Korean Movement,” 9–10.
- Martin, Affirmative Action Empire, 317–318.
- Fuchs, “Soviet Far East,” 208.
- Martin, Affirmative Action Empire, 317, and Fuchs, “Soviet Far East,” 204–205.
- See Map 2 regarding the proposal of the area as a Korean oblast. This had been
proposed to Konstantin Pshenitsyn, Secretary Primore Provincial Committee, 1924; see
Fuchs, “Soviet Far East,” 209.
- Pak, Khan Myon Se, 23, states Khan thought that the Koreans would be granted a
Korean oblast, not a raion (a raion is a district; an oblast is made up of three or more raions).
- Martin, Affirmative Action Empire, 318.
- Sergei Kim Interview.
- In some of the latter four raions, Koreans may have been the largest single nation-
ality if one divides Rus sians and Ukrainians. See Map 2.
- Soviet administrative levels are as follows going from largest to smallest: Soviet
Union→Union republic→Autonomous republic→Autonomous oblast→Autonomous
okrug→National district→National village soviet→National kolkhoz- Soviet citizen (indi-
vidual). See Martin, Affirmative Action Empire, 47–48.
- This point will be demonstrated throughout this chapter. Generally, the Korean
community “passed” the vari ous campaigns of Sovietization with high levels of participa-
tion and high marks.
- GARF, f. 374, op. 27, d. 1706, ll. 2–3, and a partial citation and discussion of this
can be found in Martin, Affirmative Action Empire, 317–318.
- Young, International Relations of Manchuria, 91–92.
- Chae- Jin Lee, China’s Korean Minority, 20. Hyun Ok Park states: “Both the People’s
Republic in Beijing and the local government under Zhang Zuolin’s control disagreed, main-
taining that Jiandao [Chientao] was not part of South Manchuria and that the 1909 Jiandao
Treaty, which affirmed Jiandao as a Chinese territory and placed Koreans under Chinese juris-
diction, was still valid.” See Hyun Ok Park, “Korean Manchuria: The Racial Politics of Ter-
ritorial Osmosis,” ed. Thomas Lahusen, special issue, South Atlantic Quarterly 99, no. 1 (Win-
ter 2000): 208. Regarding the 1924 Japa nese Nationality (Citizenship) Law, see League of
Nations (corporate author), Appeal by the Chinese Government: Report of the Commission of En-
quiry (Geneva: League of Nations Press, 1932), 57. Note that the Chinese government, in re-
questing the League of Nations to intervene, added to the picture of Koreans in Manchuria as
a vanguard for Japa nese expansion as well. However, if Japan did not allow people of Japa nese
descent who were foreign citizens to be considered Japa nese citizens, it certainly would not
have allowed Koreans this privilege. Bear in mind that in 1932 there was no in de pen dent
Korea or Korean citizenship; all Koreans in Korea were Japa nese citizens/subjects.
- Mogilner, Homo imperii, 494. For Mogilner’s principal thesis, see pp. 492–494.
Originally in the Russian- language text the last two sentences were one sentence; I have
split it into two because the Rus sian language allows some sentence forms that would be
frowned upon in En glish.
