Burnt by the Sun. The Koreans of the Russian Far East - Jon K. Chang

220 Notes to Pages 90–96

50. Kotani, Japa nese Intelligence, 28. MacArthur Archives, RG-6, Box 99, f. 1, p. 9,
    states, “In general, the Japa nese got no valuable information from spies or Soviet nationals
    other than deserters.” The reports on Japa nese Intelligence from the MacArthur Archives
    were gleaned from interrogations, conducted by the  U.S. Army, of Japa nese intelligence
    leaders such as the Chief (Masao Yoshizumi); Chief of Intelligence, Imperial Headquarters
    (Seizo Arisue); Chief of Naval Intelligence; intelligence officers from the Japa nese consul-
    ates in Moscow (Michitake Yamaoka) and Berlin (Hiroshi Oshima); and others.


51. Harris, “Encircled by Enemies,” 522–523.


52. Regarding the Poles, it would be the accusation of the fictional Polish Military
    Or ga ni za tion.


53. Nam, “Koreiskii natsionalnyi raion,” 6, 15–16. Nam unfortunately does not give
    the exact date when Afanasii A. Kim was named the region’s chairman.


54. Martin, Affirmative Action Empire, 329. The “forbidden border zones” (1934) re-
    quired NKVD permission for the average citizen to enter.


55. Other raions than Poset could have been designated as “Korean autonomous dis-
    tricts,” b ecause Poset carried the greatest amount of geopo liti cal risk as the only Soviet
    territory that shared a border with Korea.


56. Both names, Andrei A. Khan and Khan Myon She, will be used throughout this
    study. The Russian- Korean historian  B.  D. Pak spelled Khan’s name as Khan Myon Se.
    Chapter 3 provided a short biography for the first three Soviet Korean internationalists.


57. “Artificially” because much of the Soviet Korean leadership were Koreans who were
    quite Russified, had been born in the Soviet Union, served in Red Army or Soviet institutions,
    and yet, in many instances, represented the socialist interests of Korean workers in Korea.


58. One has to won der why Yi/Li was elected to the Korean Bureau even after the
    defeat of the Shanghai Faction in the Free City Battle in 1921. However, Yi had experience
    as an elected official and military leader in Korea prior to his resettlement to the RFE after
    the Japa nese colonization of Korea in 1910. For Khan Myon She’s biographical informa-
    tion, see Pak, Khan Myon Se, 14–24, and M. T. Kim, Koreiskie, 69–71.


59. RGASPI- f. 495, op. 154, d. 188, l. 88–89.


60. Fuchs, “Soviet Far East,” 205. See Chapter 4 for the citizenship data (1926) and
    status for Koreans.


61. RGASPI- f. 495, op. 154, d. 188, l. 74.


62. Martin, Affirmative Action Empire, 317.


63. Pak, Khan Myon Se, 24–25.


64. RGIA- DV- f. 182, op. 1, d. 3a, l. 18. The archives gave the 1928 circulation for
    Krasnoe znamia.


65. Bailes, Technology and Society under Lenin and Stalin, 18 8 –19 7.


66. “Sud: prigavor Koreitsu- shpionu,” Krasnoe znamia, October 11, 1923, no. 231 (949).


67. “Partzhizn v Nikolske: v Korsektsii,” Krasnoe znamia, January  29, 1924, no. 23
    (1039): 2.


68. “Koreiskie rabochie uchatsia u russkikh,” Krasnoe znamia, March 5, 1924, no. 54
    (1070): 2.


69. “Rabota sredi natsmenshinstv,” Krasnoe znamia, August 26, 1924, no. 194 (1210): 2.


70. “Gubsoveshanie koreiskikh unikh pionerov,” Krasnoe znamia, September  13,
    1924, no. 209 (1225): 2.


71. “Koreiskii vopros,” Krasnoe znamia, September 27,1924, no. 221 (1237).


72. Sergei Kim stated that his father, En Un Kim, a gold miner, took a ten- year-
    old girl from her brother, a fellow gold miner, as recompense for a large debt. The miner