Notes to Pages 116–121 225
- Li Kvar is the Russified pronunciation of Li Kwal (Korean pronunciation). The w
becomes v in Rus s ian, and the letters l and r are interchangeable in Korean (representing
the same sound).
- King, “Failed Revolution,” 6.
- Ibid.
- In the King article, Khan is spelled Han.
- Ross King estimates that during korenizatsiia, the Soviet Korean language em-
ployed from two to three thousand Chinese characters; see Ross J. King, e- mail to author,
January 12, 2012.
- Grant, In the Soviet House of Culture, 86.
- After 1937, Li Kvar continued working as an editor for Lenin Kichi, also a
Korean- language newspaper that utilized only hanmun (Korean script); see Gleb Li
(nephew) Interview by author, May 8, 2009, Tashkent, Uzbekistan. Language also repre-
sented nationality; as Li Kvar proudly represented Koreans as temporary chairman of the
Poset VKP after Afanasii Kim’s arrest in 1936 and worked exclusively in Korean script, it is
doubtful that he felt that hanmun was an awful and backward script.
- King, “Failed Revolution,” 44.
- “Pervyi vypusknik Vostfaka GDU,” Krasnoe znamia, March 16, 1928, no. 64
(2776): 5.
- King, “Failed Revolution,” 30.
- Ibid., 27–28.
- Ibid., 23.
- Ibid., 3 4.
- RGIA- DV, f. 85, op. 1, d. 30, l. 46.
- N. Ia. Marr found that languages “concealed under lying similarities predicated
on economic similarities.” Thus, the catalyst was socialism and not the choice of Cyrillic or
Latin; see Pollock, Stalin and the Soviet Science Wars, 105.
- Crisp, “Soviet Language Planning,” 31, 37–40.
- Martin, Affirmative Action Empire, 441.
- In 1934, Korean educators took mea sures to make Russian- language courses
mandatory in every Korean school in the RFE beginning from the second year of school;
see Vanin, Koreitsy v SSSR, 310 –313.
- “Kitaiskie ieoroglify— vopiushiia anokhronizm,” Krasnoe znamia, August 23, 1931,
no. 188 (3344).
- Hence, they are ideograms and not hieroglyphs. See Jerry Norman, Chinese (Cam-
bridge: Cambridge University Press, 1988). “Chinese” refers to the Chinese language.
- The most salient examples w ere the positions of First and Second Secretary in the
Central Asian republics. The First Secretary was always a Central Asian titular national, while
the Second Secretary was typically Rus sian, Ukrainian, or Armenian. In many cases, the Sec-
ond Secretary had greater power and closer ties with the all- union leadership in Moscow. See
Rywkin, Soviet Society Today, 58, and Carrère- d’Encausse, The End of the Soviet Empire, 24–25.
- Document no. 141 as cited in Vanin, Koreitsy v SSSR, 313–314.
- Poliakov and Zhiromskaia, Vsesouznaia perepis naseleniia 1937 goda, 6 4 , 67.
- Konstantin Ten, Interview by Jon Chang, September 24, 2009, Toi Te Pa,
Uzbekistan,
- Alexandra Kum Dai Kim Interview.
- Sergei Kim, Interview by Jon Chang, September 14, 2009, Kolkhoz Staryi Len-
inskii Put, Tashkent, Uzbekistan. See Figure 10 for his photo.
