232 Notes to Pages 145–149- Each echelon contained from 60 to 70 wagons with four families per wagon and
five persons on average per family. This makes the total somewhere around 1,200–1,400
persons who were deported. See Li and Kim, Belaia kniga, 89–92. - Polian, Against Their Will, 94–95.
- Martin, “Origins of Soviet Ethnic Cleansing,” 849. The deported Finns were
Ingermanland Finns, who were natives of the USSR and its border regions near Finland. - In regard to Arsenev and Geitsman, both reports saw Koreans as “alien” racially
and or culturally. - It should also be remembered that Koreans were deported to Central Asia from
1927 to 1931 in partial runs. - Stepan Kim, “Istoved Soryon Saram— Sovetskogo cheloveka,” Druzhba nar-
odov, no. 4 (1989): 189. - J. J. Stephan, Rus sian Far East, 204. Expelling him for “lack of vigilance” was
not logical, given that in 1934 Afanasii Kim had been commended for his work with the
Politotdel section (po liti cal police of collective farms). - Wada, “Koreans in the Soviet Far East,” 47.
- Suturin, Delo kraevogo masshtaba, 188; and Ku- Degai, Koreitsy, 62–63.
- Conquest, The Great Terror, 83–108.
- The “other” population for the seven districts of the Primore should be split in a
nearly 45:45 ratio between Rus sians and Ukrainians, with another 10–15 percent as Eu ro-
pean “other.” - Dalnevostochnoe Kraevoe Zemelnoe Upravlenie (Ischislennye dannye) Itogi
perepisi koreiskogo naseleniia Vladivostokskogo okruga v 1929 godu (prilozhenie k tablitse A),
Khabarovsk- Vladivostok, 1932. Regarding Poset’s 95 percent Korean population figure, see
Ia. Ten, “Koreitsy Sovetskogo Souiza,” Revolutsiia i Natsionalnosti 7 (1935): 47. - Martin, Affirmative Action Empire, 318, gives the figure of 171 Korean village
soviets achieved by 1929. The growth of the Korean village soviets (composed of 5–9 vil-
lages) was as follows: 57 (1924), 87 (1925), 105 (1927), 171 (1929), and 182 (1935). See Kuzin,
Dalnevostochnye, 103–105. - “Gerrymandering” in this contexts refers to granting the Koreans the smallest
and most po liti cally innocuous territories and power pos si ble. - Zenkovsky, Pan- Turkism, 205–207.
- Maksudov stated that the vari ous Soviet nationalities were not constructed
equally. Th ose without ASSRs or union republics were treated as second- and third- class
nationalities. See Maksudov, “Prospects for the Development of the USSR’s Nationalities,”
in The Soviet Union and the Challenge of the Future, Volume 3: Ideology, Culture and National-
ity, ed. Morton Kaplan and Alexander Shtromas (New York: Paragon House, 1989), 331.
Note that all of the aforementioned ASSRs and SSRs were created from 1920 to the 1 930s. - RGIA- DV, f. 85, op. 1, d. 135, l. 133.
- “Innostrannyi shpionazh na Sovetskom Dalnem Vostoke,” Pravda, April 23, 1937.
- The word “Buddhist” was to have signified the Chinese, Koreans, and Japa nese.
This was another “yellow peril” trope that was erroneous, because the majority of the Japa-
nese people were Shintoists. See “Podryvnaia rabota iaponskoi razvedki,” Pravda, July 9, - Bokokuko by Ryoko Nakatsu, published in 1984, mentioned that most of the Japa nese
population in the RFE were evacuated to Japan in 1937. See Hiroaki Kuromiya, e- mail to
author, March 26, 2012. - Also see Gelb, “An Early Soviet Ethnic Deportation,” 398, and Wada, “Koreans
in the Soviet Far East,” 50. Wada mistakenly dates the Pravda article as July 29, 1937.