Notes to Pages 163–168 237- Arsenev, “Doklad,” 115.
- Robert Ser vice, Stalin: A Biography (Oxford: Macmillan, 2004), 2 90.
- Russian- Germans, especially those in the Volga, were linked to an anti- Soviet
counterrevolutionary center that required their deportation; likewise the Finns, Poles, and Ko-
reans (see the case of Afanasii Kim and the Kwantung Army Counter- Revolutionary Center).
Regarding the Germans, Finns, and Poles, see McLoughlin, “Mass Operations,” 122–123.
The Korean deportation order (1428–3266ss) has been covered in depth in Chapter 7. - Regarding Stalin’s control over the OGPU/NKVD and their leaders, see Ray-
field, Stalin and His Hangmen, 108–111 (especially 111), 142–150, and Ulam, Stalin, 26,
214, 259. - R. W. Stephan, Stalin’s Sec ret War, 46.
- This presupposition was supported and established by Molotov’s basis for the
Terror, “so what if one or two extra heads were chopped off, there would be no vacillation
in the time of war and after the war.” See Khlevniuk, “Objectives of the Great Terror,” 173. - R. W. Stephan, Stalin’s Sec ret War, 61.
- This figure of four million includes the Red Army and its position of “po liti cal
commissars” who were implicitly required to report on citizens or soldiers who wavered
ideologically. I felt that the figure of 13 million was perhaps a bit high. - Gregory, Terror by Quota, 195–197.
- Elizaveta Li, Interview by Jon Chang, Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan, August 20, 2014.
- His daughter Evgenia preferred to call him a “Soviet agent.” See Evgenia Tskhai,
Interview 2 by Jon Chang, August 5, 2009, Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan. - Bachmann, Memories of Kazakhstan, 5.
- The view as well as the treatment and the relationship with the Koreans.
- See Snyder, Sketches from a Secret War, 94–95; Kuromiya and Mamoulia, “Anti-
Russian and Anti- Soviet Subversion,” 1415–1440. - This explanation was proposed by the historian Hiroaki Kuromiya, e- mail to
author, May 28, 2012. He viewed the ethnic prejudices as a means to an end rather than
deep- seated. - Anatoly Khazanov, a Soviet anthropologist from 1960 to 1985, stated: “However,
the concept of nationality held by the Soviet state since the 1930s was completely diff er ent
from that which is accepted in many Western countries. It was essentially the primordialist
concept, inasmuch as it was based on the notion of descent.” See Khazanov, After the
USSR, 16. - German N. Kim’s “The Deportation of 1937 as a Logical Continuation of Tsarist
and Soviet Nationality Policy in the Rus sian Far East” pointed out that “ the 1937 deporta-
tion was a logical final step in the policies of the Rus sian government, first of the tsarist
autocracy and then later of the Soviet regime in the Rus sian Far East.” See G. N. Kim, “The
Deportation of 1937, 19–44. - A map of Uzbekistan and Kyrgyzstan is provided at the end of this chapter; see
Map 3. - Doc. 26, as cited in Li and Kim, Belaia kniga, 89.
- V. D. Kim, Pravda polveka spustia, 70 –71.
- Soon Ok Lee Interview.
- Iliaron Em Interview.
- Konstantin Kim, Interview by Jon Chang, Tashkent, Uzbekistan, June 8, 2009.
- Maia and Vladimir Kim, Interview by Jon Chang, Kolkhoz Politotdel, Tashkent
(outside), Uzbekistan, September 14, 2009