238 Notes to Pages 168–171- Jewish Autonomous District.
- In examining Raisa Nigai’s photos from the RFE, the last dated one was dated
early November 1937. But she also said that she and Nikolai Nigai had been deported along
with Jui Chen (a Chinese man whom she knew in the RFE). The Chinese deportation did
not begin until December 1937. - Raisa Nigai Interview.
- Nikolai Shek offered his opinion on the palatability of the vari ous wild game; see
Nikolai Shek, Interview by Jon Chang, Kolkhoz Sverdlov, Tashkent, Uzbekistan, August 9,
- Nikolai Shek Interview.
- Li and Kim, Belaia kniga, 160
- V. D. Kim, Pravda polveka spustia, 126, 132. Page 126 provided three cases of
requests for reunion with relatives in Kazakhstan followed by the return of all parties to
Uzbekistan. - Sergei Kim Interview. Kim grew up in Kzyl Orda, Kazakhstan, after he was
deported. There is also a report that the Kzyl Orda Korean Teacher’s Institute may have
closed even before 1939; see V. D. Kim, Pravda polveka spustia, 129. - Pyotr Pak Interview.
- Nikolai Shek Interview.
- However, Koreans did not have to attend the weekly or monthly meetings with
NKVD officers, unlike special settlers. - Bugai, Ikh, 23.
- V. D. Kim, Pravda polveka spustia, 123.
- Bugai and Pak, 14 0 let, 291.
- Bugai, Ikh nado deportirovat, 6, and Gelb, “Early Soviet Ethnic Deporation,”
- Japan surrendered on September 2, 1945, ending the Second World War.
- NARA, T1249, rg 59, roll 64, frame 620.
- Haruki Wada, ed. VKP, Komintern i Iaponiia, 1917–1941 (Moskva: Rosspen,
2 0 01), 4 6 – 47. - Hiroaki Kuromiya, e- mail to author, March 26, 2012.
- NARA, T1249, rg 59, roll 75, frames 60–62. John J. Stephan, Sakhalin: A His-
tory (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1971), 134, maintains that the North Sakhalin oil conces-
sions terminated production in 1938. However, NARA, frame 60, indicates that 60,000
metric tons of oil were produced in 1938. - Gelb, “Early Soviet Ethnic Deportation,” 390n5. Though it is estimated that
two thousand Soviet Koreans remained on North Sakhalin, the actual number who worked
on the concessions is unknown. - V. I. Remizovski, “Stranitsy istorii Cakhalinskoi nefti,” in “Aube rouge: Les an-
nées trente en Extrême- Oriente soviétique,” special issue, Revue des études slaves 71, no. 1
(Paris: CNRS, 1999): 121. Note that Soviet figures differ because they likely include oil
extracted only by their com pany, the Soviet Oil Trust. Two companies extracted oil from
North Sakhalin in the 1930s to early 1940s, the joint concession the North Sakhalin Petro-
leum Com p any and the Soviet state com pany. Soviet workers were brought to North Sakha-
lin every 4–6 months only. The state worried that they would be influenced by working
under Japa nese management. Therefore, there seemed to be a screening pro cess upon leav-
ing the Sakhalin workforce. - NARA, UD 1164/container 775, RG 331, frame 4045.
- Martin, “Origins of Soviet Ethnic Cleansing,” 829.