Notes to Pages 186–190 243
- Brower, Tu r k e s t a n , xii, and Gelb, “Early Soviet Ethnic Deportation,” 394.
- See Chapter 2.
- Regarding the renting of land to Koreans, this was akin to sharecropping because
the rent was paid from the harvest. Rents for Koreans were typically one- third to 70 percent
of the harvest, and this practice occurred with regularity well into 1928. See Bugai and
Pak, 14 0 let, 211 for the 30 percent figure. Regarding the 70 percent figure, see En Nok
Kim, Interview by Jon Chang, Kolkhoz Pravda, Tashkent, Uzbekistan, June 5, 2009.
- This was explained to me by people on the street, neighbors, and academics during
my time spent in Central Asia and Rus sia, especially during my time in Central Asia,
which was for a period of about five years. These people were of all diff er ent nationalities:
Rus sians, Koreans, Ukrainians, Armenians, Kyrgyz, Kazakh, and Uzbeks.
- The exception to this is the term “American Indian,” but these groups are also
called Native Americans, which signifies their primacy as the only native, nonimmigrants
to the United States.
- RGIA- DV, f. 85, op. 1, d. 16, ll. 23–24. This was part of a speech M. I. Kalinin
made in Vladivostok on August 10, 1923.
- “Rus sians” in this case applies to Eastern Slavs (Rus sians, Ukrainians, and
Belorus sians) as the cultural standard- bearers.
- Martin, Affirmative Action Empire, 353; Suny, Revenge of the Past, 124, 130;
Hirsch, Empire of Nations, 312, 313; Wanner, Burden of Dreams, 11. Whether at the all-
union or sub- state level, nationality, whether Soviet, individual, or Eastern Slav/ “Rus-
sians,” was promoted by the state and state institutions through benefits, perks, jobs, pro-
motions, and communities (USSR, ASSR, autonomous raion, village soviet). These in turn
created allegiances and identities.
- Soviet national minorities were encouraged to retain and display their “national-
ity” by linking culture with territorial, economic, material, and psychological benefits;
hence the term “bourgeois.”
- Sakwa, Rise and Fall of the Soviet Union, 287–288.
- Smele, Civil War in Siberia, 200.
- See J. J. Stephan, Rus sian Far East, 130–131, 149–155; Smele’s Civil War in
Siberia, passim; Swain, Rus sia’s Civil War, 61, 117, 116–121, 149–150; Lincoln, Red Vic-
tory, passim; and Serge P. Petroff, Remembering a Forgotten War: Civil War in Eastern
Eu r o pean Rus sia and Siberia, 1918–1920 (Boulder, CO: East Eu ro pean Monographs,
2000), passim (see entire book for Rus sian towns in the Urals and Siberia switching
sides). Petroff, who specializes in the Rus sian Civil War, estimated that the primary area
under White control contained 20 million inhabitants. See Petroff, Remembering a For-
gotten War, 1 57.
- J. J. Stephan, Rus sian Far East, 131.
- Regarding Semyonov and Pleshov, see Bisher, W h i te Te r r o r, 60–61. Regarding the
Hetmanate, see Subitelny, Ukraine, 356–357.
- Liudmila G. Novikova, “Northerners into Whites: Pop u lar Participation in
Counter- Revolution in Arkhangel’sk Province, Summer 1918,” in Europe- Asia Studies 60,
no. 2 (2008): 280, 285.
- Prob ably near ten million or perhaps more.
- The author is aware that extremely large numbers of Rus sians, Ukrainians, and
Belarus sians were repressed as kulaks during collectivization. However, this argument is
focused on nationality, the “national operations,” and Soviet loyalty/ those who collaborated
with foreign armies/foreign states.
