some examples of how businesses accommodated
corporate mothers.
“Harvard Business Review” on Work and Life Balance.
Boston: Harvard Business School Press, 2000. Ex-
amines the balance between personal and profes-
sional lives, including the mommy track, telecom-
muting, and burnout.
Quinn, Jane Bryant, et al. “Revisiting the Mommy
Track.”Newsweek136, no. 3 (July, 2000): 44. Dis-
cussion of the trend of young women choosing
motherhood over career.
Raab, Phyllis Hutton. “The Organization Effects of
Workplace Family Policies: Past Weaknesses and
Recent Progress Toward Improved Research.”
Journal of Family Issues11, no. 4 (1990): 477-491.
Demonstrates how implementing mommy track
policies leads to improved earnings and achieve-
ment of women, as well as reducing stress in West-
ern Europe and the United States.
Schwartz, Felice. “Management Women and the
New Facts of Life.”Harvard Business Review 67
(January/February, 1989): 65-76. Controversial
article outlining a two-tier track for women in
managerial positions.
Schwartz, Tony. “In My Humble Opinion: While the
Balance of Power Has Already Begun to Shift,
Most Male CEO’s Still Don’t Fully Get It.”Life/
work30 (November, 1999). Written from the per-
spective of time and distance, Felice Schwartz’s
daughter reexamines her mother’s original pro-
posal, which fueled the mommy track contro-
versy.
Skrzycki, Cindy. “‘Mommy Track’ Author Answers
Her Many Critics.”The Washington Post, March 19,
1989, p. A1. Reports Schwartz’s response to her
criticism. Documents her feminist work in the
corporate world.
Barbara E. Johnson
See also Affirmative action; Biological clock; Busi-
ness and the economy in the United States; Femi-
nism; Glass ceiling; Political correctness; Sexual ha-
rassment; Women in the workforce.
Mondale, Walter
Identification U.S. vice president from 1977 to
1981 and 1984 Democratic presidential
nominee
Born January 5, 1928; Ceylon, MinnesotaMondale was one of the most visible leaders of the Demo-
cratic Party in the first half of the decade. His choice of
Geraldine Ferraro as his 1984 vice presidential running
mate was both a practical and a symbolic milestone in the
rise of American women politicians.Walter Frederick Mondale (nicknamed “Fritz”) was
a member of the Democratic-Farmer-Labor Party, a
composite party unique to Minnesota. Mondale first
became involved in national politics when he helped
organize Hubert Humphrey’s successful senatorial
campaign in 1948 at the age of twenty. After serving
in the Army during the Korean War, Mondale gradu-
ated from the University of Minnesota Law School
in 1956 and practiced law for four years. In 1960,
Minnesota governor Orville Freeman appointed
Mondale—who had managed Freeman’s 1960 gu-
bernatorial campaign—as Minnesota’s attorney gen-
eral. From age thirty-two to age thirty-six, Mondale
served two terms as attorney general. In 1964, Mon-
dale was appointed to the U.S. Senate, when Hubert
Humphrey became U.S. vice president. Mondale
was reelected in 1972.Vice President When Jimmy Carter became the
Democratic presidential nominee in 1976, he se-
lected Mondale as his vice presidential running mate.
Elected in November, 1976, Mondale became the
first vice president to live in the official vice presi-
dential residence, which had been converted from
the old Naval Observatory. With Carter’s support,
Mondale became the most active vice president to
that point in American history, troubleshooting ex-
ecutive offices and functions and advising the presi-
dent. He helped change the vice presidency from a
figurehead office into a full-fledged participant in
the presidential administration, making it possible
for subsequent vice presidents to play a much larger
political role as well. Not only was Mondale the first
vice president to live in a formal vice presidential res-
idence, but he also had an office in the West Wing of
the White House, indicating his substantive role in
the government.
Mondale became a major proponent of Carter’s662 Mondale, Walter The Eighties in America