1980 and 1986. After the eruption, glacier growth
resumed as well, reestablishing a potential flood
hazard.
Natural recovery within the blast zone surprised
scientists, as pockets of surviving vegetation emerged
and wildlife returned. The U.S. Forest Service and
the timber industry planted over 250 million trees in
a massive restoration effort. The Cascade Volcano
Observatory, a regional office established by the
USGS in 1980, monitored activity at Mount St. Hel-
ens in order to predict future eruptions more accu-
rately and to provide for public safety. The 1982
founding of the Mount St. Helens National Volcanic
Monument preserved a 110-acre area surrounding
the volcano to encourage research, recreation, and
education. Mount St. Helens became the most closely
studied volcano on earth, leading to major advances
in vulcanology.
Further Reading
Barstad, Fred.A Falcon Guide to Mount St. Helens: A
Guide to Exploring the Great Outdoors.Guilford,
Conn.: Falcon, 2005. Detailed coverage of the
post-eruption terrain, hiking trails, and scenic
views.
Carson, Rob.Mount St. Helens: The Eruption and Re-
cover y of a Volcano.Seattle: Sasquatch Books, 1990.
Multiple photographs and accompanying text re-
veal the magnitude of the event.
Dale, Virginia H., Frederick J. Swanson, and Charles
M. Crisafulli, eds.Ecological Responses to the 1980
Eruption of Mount St. Helens.New York: Springer,- Scientific reports describing the ecosystem’s
devastation and recovery.
Harris, Stephen L.Fire Mountains of the West: The Cas-
cade and Mono Lake Volcanoes.3d ed. Missoula,
Mont.: Mountain Press, 2005. Definitive coverage
of volcanic geology, with chapters on individual
volcanoes.
Pringle, Patrick T.Roadside Geology of Mount St. Helens
National Volcanic Monument and Vicinity.Olympia:
Washington Department of Natural Resources, - Authoritative description of the eruption
and its aftermath. Numerous charts, graphs, and
an introduction to vulcanology.
Margaret A. Koger
See also Air pollution; Environmental movement;
Natural disasters; Science and technology.MOVE
Identification African American political
organization
Several violent episodes between MOVE and Philadelphia’s
police force between 1978 and 1985 caused deaths on both
sides, escalated racial tension, and created adverse na-
tional publicity for the city.
MOVE, most of whose members were surnamed
Africa, was confrontational from the beginning.
Founded in 1972 by John Africa (born Vincent
Leaphart), the organization was based on religious
values of communal living, agrarian economy, and
radical environmentalism. Its members stockpiled
weapons, performed bodily functions in public,
taunted passersby, and created public health and
safety hazards. Mayor Frank Rizzo ordered a block-The Eighties in America MOVE 671
Mount St. Helens erupts again on July 22, 1980.(Austin Post/
USGS)