each year during the 1990’s. Overall, cancer deaths
fell by nearly 1 percent during the decade.
Further Reading
Allison, Lizabeth A.Fundamental Molecular Biology.
Malden, Mass.: Blackwell, 2007. Extensive cover-
age of molecular biology. Several sections address
the molecular biology of cancer and disruptions
in gene regulation that may lead to a malignancy.
Coffin, John M., Stephen H. Hughes, and Harold E.
Varmus, eds.Retroviruses.Plainview, N.Y.: Cold
Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, 1997. Story of
retroviruses and the role they played in the dis-
covery of oncogenes.
McKinnell, Robert G., et al.The Biological Basis of
Cancer.New York: Cambridge University Press,
- Updated text that addresses the genetics
and pathology of the disease. A simplified version
of much of the material can be found in the Wein-
berg book.
Narod, Steven, and William Foulkes. “BRCA1 and
BRCA2: 1994 and Beyond.”Nature Reviews: Cancer
4 (2004): 665-676. Description of the two genes
associated with congenital forms of breast cancer,
accounting for twenty thousand cases annually.
Roles played by the protein products.
Pelengaris, Stella, and Michael Khan, eds.The Molec-
ular Biology of Cancer.Malden, Mass.: Blackwell, - Extensive discussion of the discovery of on-
cogenes and their role in devel-
opment of cancer.
Weinberg, Robert A.The Biology of
Cancer.New York: Garland Sci-
ence, 2006. Extensive coverage
of the subject within a college
textbook. The author is a major
figure involved in understanding
the molecular biology of the dis-
ease, and in particular, the roles
played by cellular oncogenes.
Richard Adler
See also AIDS epidemic; Genetics
research; Health care; Medicine;
Pharmaceutical industry; Science
and technology; Stem cell research.
Carey, Mariah
Identification American singer, songwriter, and
producer
Born March 27, 1970; Huntington, Long Island,
New York
In 1990, Carey amazed listeners with her self-titled debut
album. Her versatile vocal range and ability to blend gos-
pel, pop, and rhythm and blues brought her immediate
success.
Mariah Carey met her future husband, Tommy
Mottola, president and chief operating officer of
Sony Music Entertainment, at a music industry party
in 1988. The chance meeting provided Carey with
the impetus she needed to launch her career.
Mottola realized Carey’s potential and quickly
created a contract for her with Columbia Records.
Her first album, released in 1990 when she was
just twenty years old, included four number one
singles—“Vision of Love,” “Love Takes Time,” “I
Don’t Wanna Cry,” and “Someday”—and sold over
seven million copies. Carey cowrote each of these
songs and was also directly involved with their pro-
duction. “Vision of Love” earned her two Grammy
Awards that year. Carey’s success continued with her
second album,Emotions(1991), whose title track be-
came her fifth top single.150 Carey, Mariah The Nineties in America
Mariah Carey, left, and Whitney Houston perform their Oscar-nominated song,
“When You Believe,” during the 1999 Academy Awards in Los Angeles.(AP/Wide
World Photos)