Bush gave way to a strained U.S.-Russian relation-
ship that reflected the continuity of opposing inter-
national policies.
Further Reading
Arquilla, John.The Reagan Imprint: Ideas in American
Foreign Policy from the Collapse of Communism to the
War on Terror.Chicago: Ivan R. Dee, 2006. Ar-
quilla’s interpretation on the end of the Cold
War credits the policies and initiatives of Presi-
dent Ronald Reagan for much of the success in
accelerating the end of the Cold War.
Bogle, Lori Lyn, ed.The Cold War. New York: Rout-
ledge, 2001. A collection of essays that collectively
presents the end of the Cold War as a very com-
plex development during which the leaders of
both the West and the East recognized that the Cold
War was not necessary or tenable in the 1990’s.
Bose, Meena, and Rosanna Perotti, eds.From Cold
War to New World Order: The Foreign Policy of George
H. W. Bush.Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press,
- This is an important work consisting of es-
says on the impact of the end of the Cold War on
the foreign policy of the United States; Bush’s
concept of a “New World Order” was focused on
American hegemony in a worldwide community
of democratic states.
Cowley, Robert, ed.The Cold War: A Militar y Histor y.
New York: Random House, 2005. Cowley’s study
of the military strategies and weapons war be-
tween the United States and the Soviet Union is
the best single volume available on the subject.
Dockrill, Michael L., and Michael F. Hopkins.The
Cold War, 1945-1991.2d ed. New York: Palgrave
Macmillan, 2006. A comprehensive history of the
Cold War that relies on primary sources; an excel-
lent, general history.
Gaddis, John Lewis.The Cold War: A New Histor y.New
York: Penguin Books, 2005. One of the most
widely read and available histories of the Cold
War. Gaddis’s interpretation of the end of the
Cold War is sympathetic to Gorbachev and credits
Reagan, John Paul II, and Thatcher for their parts
in bringing about its end and the collapse of the
Soviet Union.
Gregory, Ross.Cold War America, 1946-1990.New
York: Facts On File, 2003. An excellent reference
book focused on the Cold War in the United
States from its post-World War II origins to the
Gorbachev era.
O’Sullivan, John.The President, the Pope, and the Prime
Minister: Three Who Changed the World.Washing-
ton, D.C.: Regnery, 2006. O’Sullivan contends
that Reagan, John Paul II, and Thatcher were the
primary agents for change and that their com-
bined policies and actions resulted in the end of
the Cold War and the collapse of the Soviet
Union. An intriguing and highly readable book.
Pons, Silvio.Reinterpreting the End of the Cold War: Is-
sues, Interpretations, Periodizations.London: Frank
Cass, 2004. This book is perhaps the most thor-
ough and scholarly revisionist explanation on the
end of the Cold War; Pons advances many chal-
lenges to the simplicity of the earlier discussions
on the topic.
Skinner, Kiron K., ed.Turning Points in Ending the
Cold War. Stanford, Calif.: Hoover Institution
Press, 2007. The book’s articles focus on the early
1980’s, when a new phase of the Cold War began.
Reagan’s initiatives to alter Soviet behavior, the
roles of Gorbachev and Yeltsin, the emergence of
democratic values in Poland and Hungary, and
hopes for a reunified Germany contributed to the
end of the Cold War.
William T. WalkerSee also Baker, James; Bush, George H. W.;
Cheney, Dick; Foreign policy of the United States;
Russia and North America. Columbine massacre
The Event The murder of twelve high school
students and one teacher perpetrated by two
students
Date April 20, 1999
Place Columbine High School in Jefferson
County, Colorado, near the town of Littleton
For many Americans, Columbine was the most traumatic
crime of the decade. The deadliest high school shooting in
U.S. histor y, the event spurred a wide variety of changes in
public policy.
At 11:19a.m., Eric Harris and Dylan Klebold, seniors
at Columbine High School, launched their attack on
the steps outside the school, where they shot two
students who were eating lunch by the upper west
entrance. Rachel Scott was killed, and Richard
Castaldo was seriously injured but survived. Next,210 Columbine massacre The Nineties in America