Guido, Paul, and Bob Boyles.Fifty Years of College Foot-
ball: A Modern Histor y of America’s Most Colorful
Sport. New York: Skyhorse, 2007. Offers a detailed
description of team rosters, statistics, and stand-
ings in college football from 1955 to 2007. In-
cludes expert opinions on college football his-
tory.
MacCambridge, Michael.America’s Game: The Epic
Stor y of How Pro Football Captured a Nation. New
York: Random House, 2004. Reviews the history
of professional football and analyzes how it went
from being a secondary sport to supplanting
baseball as America’s favorite sport.
Waterson, John Sayle.College Football: Histor y, Specta-
cle, Controversy. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Univer-
sity Press, 2002. Reviews college football history
beginning in the nineteenth century and com-
pares controversial issues of the past with those of
modern football.
Brion Sever
See also Bowl Championship Series; Sports.
Forbes, Steve
Identification Businessman and editor in chief of
Forbesmagazine; Republican presidential
candidate in 1996
Born July 18, 1947; Morristown, New Jersey
During the 1996 presidential primar y, Forbes campaigned
on a flat-tax platform that would drastically simplify the
U.S. federal tax code for individuals.
Since 1990, Malcolm Stevenson Forbes, Jr., has
served as chief executive officer of Forbes, Inc., the
publishers ofForbes, the business magazine of which
Forbes is editor in chief. He was also involved in the
oversight administration of Radio Free Europe and
Radio Liberty in the early years of the decade. In
1993, Forbes campaigned for his friend Christine
Todd Whitman, who was elected governor of New
Jersey based in large measure on a tax-cut program
designed by Forbes.
In 1996, Forbes ran as a Republican candidate for
U.S. president but eventually lost the nomination to
Kansas senator Bob Dole. Forbes spent $38 million
of his own money on the campaign and refused to re-
lease his personal tax returns. He won the Republi-
can Party primaries in Arizona and Delaware and at-
tracted serious attention for his proposal to simplify
the U.S. federal tax code by moving to a flat-tax rate
of 17 percent on all personal and corporate earned
income, after an agreed upon sum had been ex-
empted. While many voters were in favor of a simpler
income tax code, Forbes’s flat-tax rate was seen as
very self-serving. As a wealthy businessman, Forbes
would have saved a large amount of money in taxes
under his plan.
Between presidential campaigns, Forbes was the
honorary chairman of Americans for Hope, Growth
and Opportunity. This was a Republican political
group that favored pro-growth business policies and
pro-family (antiabortion) legislation. In 1997, he
launched Forbes.com, an online version of the mag-
azine. In 1999, as a prelude to his 2000 presidential
campaign, he wroteA New Birth of Freedom, in which
he laid out his positions on a flat tax, a new Social Se-
curity system, term limits for elected officials, and
the need for a strong national defense.
During his short-lived 2000 presidential cam-
paign, Forbes assured voters he would not use hisThe Nineties in America Forbes, Steve 343
Steve Forbes in 1995.(AP/Wide World Photos)