sives, and conspiracy to use a weapon of mass de-
struction. He was executed on June 11, 2001, in
Terre Haute, Indiana.
Impact One hundred sixty-eight lives were lost and
over eight hundred people were injured in the Okla-
homa City bombing. The incident shocked the
American public, creating an increased fear of po-
tential future attacks.
Further Reading
Kight, Marsha, comp.Forever Changed: Remembering
Oklahoma City, April 19, 1995. Amherst, N.Y.: Pro-
metheus Books, 1998.
Linenthal, Edward T.The Unfinished Bombing: Okla-
homa City in American Memor y. New York: Oxford
University Press, 2001.
Roleff, Tamara L.The Oklahoma City Bombing. San
Diego, Calif.: Greenhaven Press, 2004.
Sher yl L. Van Horne
See also Columbine massacre; Crime; Militia move-
ment; Montana Freemen standoff; Oklahoma City
bombing; Olympic Park bombing; Ruby Ridge shoot-
out; Terrorism; Unabomber capture; Waco siege.
Madonna
Identification American singer, songwriter,
producer, actor, and entertainer
Born August 16, 1958; Bay City, Michigan
Madonna’s use of sexual and religious themes in her work
provoked controversy in the 1990’s, and her work in film
and music brought her a number of awards.
Madonna starred as Breathless Mahoney in the 1990
film adaptation of the well-knownDick Tracycomic
strip. She released the albumI’m Breathlessin the
same year to accompany the film. It included the Ste-
phen Sondheim song “Sooner or Later,” which won
an Academy Award for Best Original Song. I’m
Breathlesswas a great hit in the United States, Eu-
rope, and Australia, and sold over five million copies
worldwide.
Controversial Music From April to August of 1990,
Madonna toured Japan, the United States, and Eu-
rope on her Blond Ambition World Tour, featuring
sexual and religious themes and creating contro-
versy over her performance of “Like a Virgin.” In
November, she released her first greatest hits al-
bum,The Immaculate Collection, including two new
songs, "Justify My Love" and “Rescue Me.” The mu-
sic video for “Justify My Love” showed suggestive
scenes of Madonna with her lover, actor Tony Ward,
as well as scenes of sadomasochism between gay
and lesbian characters. It was considered too ex-
plicit for MTV, which banned it from the station.
However, when Warner Bros. released “Justify My
Love” as a video single, it became the best-selling
video of all time.
The albumErotica, released in October of 1992,
contained only three overtly sexual songs out of
fourteen. Although the title song was panned by crit-
ics, “Erotica” topped the charts around the world.
Madonna’s soft-core bookSexwas published aroundThe Nineties in America Madonna 543
Madonna performs during her Blond Ambition World Tour in
July, 1990, in London.(AP/Wide World Photos)