Subsequent Events Meta-analyses of numerous
studies have shown that the patch doubles the
chances of quitting smoking. However, only 20 per-
cent of patch users have actually broken the habit.
Tobacco use has decreased among adults but in-
creased among teenagers, whom the tobacco indus-
try targets. In 2000, the Supreme Court ruled that
the FDA has no authority to regulate tobacco as a
drug. The FDA has subsequently revoked its restric-
tions on the sale of cigarettes to minors.
Further Reading
Kranz, Rachel.Straight Talk About Smoking. New York:
Facts On File, 1999.
Sherman, Carl. “Kicking Butts.”Psychology Today27,
no. 5 (September/October, 1994): 40-46.
Edna B. Quinn
See also Cancer research; Drug use; Health care;
Health care reform; Medicine; Psychology; Tobacco
industry settlement.
Nine Inch Nails
Identification Industrial rock band
Date Founded in 1988
Nine Inch Nails influenced and popularized industrial
rock in the 1990’s.
Although he regularly tours with a band, Trent
Reznor is the sole member of Nine Inch Nails, acting
as singer, songwriter, instrumentalist, and producer.
Nine Inch Nails garnered recognition and acclaim
in the 1990’s through the continued popularity of
1989’sPretty Hate Machineand the subsequent re-
lease of 1992’sBrokenand 1994’s groundbreaking
The Downward Spiral.Broken, influenced by Reznor’s
touring in 1991, was harder and more raw than the
pop- and New Wave-influencedPretty Hate Machine,
though it still featured existential and personal lyr-
ics. Songs from Broken earned Reznor his only
Grammy Awards, but his work would receive more
nominations.
Nine Inch Nails’ second full-length album,The
Downward Spiral, was much anticipated and entered
theBillboard200 at number two following its release
in 1994. Following a central character’s mental path
toward collapse,The Downward Spiralfeatured more
textures of sound than any previous Nine Inch Nails
album while maintaining the electronic beat-driven
hallmarks of Reznor’s previous work. “Closer” was
the album’s most popular single in spite of (perhaps
because of) the explicit sexual refrain and launched
Nine Inch Nails fully into mainstream radio play as
it blended pop sensibility and taboo subject matter.
Reznor’s Self-Destruct Tour supporting the album
included a stop at Woodstock ’94, where the
Grammy-winning performace of “Happiness in Slav-
ery” was filmed as well as beamed into twenty-four
million homes. Reznor would not release another al-
bum with new material for five years, a delay due to
his admitted difficulties with perfectionism, sub-
stance abuse, and writer’s block.
When the much-anticipated double-CDThe Frag-
ilearrived in 1999, it debuted at number one onBill-
board’s 200. The epic album was thematically similar
toThe Downward Spiral, featuring layered sound-
scapes and a continuous narrative; however,The
Fragilewas hailed as a more mature and subtle effort,
a richer evolution of Reznor’s distinctive sound. The
album received positive reviews but fell off the charts
quickly. It was nominated for a Grammy for Best Al-
ternative Music Performance in 1999.
Reznor has worked as a producer for movie sound
tracks, including one forNatural Born Killers(1994),
and other artists, notably Marilyn Manson, whom heThe Nineties in America Nine Inch Nails 611
Nine Inch Nails lead singer Trent Reznor, caked in mud, performs
at Woodstock ’94.(AP/Wide World Photos)