willingness of humans—although enacted by ani-
mated toys and bugs—to sacrifice for their friends.
Impact Pixar, based in Emeryville, California, was
one of the most creative, innovative, and in the end
successful companies of the 1990’s. It pioneered
three-dimensional computer-animated technology.
As a computer hardware, software, and media com-
pany, it represented the successful return of entrepre-
neur Jobs and shared in the glory and rising stock
prices of the dot-com craze. However, Pixar’s greatest
impact was derived not only by looking forward but
also by looking to the past. Its three high-grossing fea-
ture films,Toy Stor y,A Bug’s Life, andToy Stor y 2, and
the entertaining shorts it showed before each one, re-
called the golden age of Hollywood, now rendered
through digital technology. With compelling stories,
engaging dialogue, attention to detail, stirring music,
and a commitment to warm and wholesome enter-
tainment, Pixar Animation Studios created the films
in the 1990’s that were perhaps most destined to en-
dure as classics in the decades to come.
Further Reading
Deutschman, Alan.The Second Coming of Steve Jobs.
New York: Broadway Books, 2000. Conversational
biography of Jobs, with a chapter on his success
with Pixar, thereby putting himself in the center
of the computer industry for a second time.
Paik, Karen. To Infinity and Beyond! The Stor y of
Pixar Animation Studios. San Francisco: Chronicle
Books, 2007. Beautifully illustrated, carefully doc-
umented, definitive history of Pixar animation,
with forewords by founder Steve Jobs, technology
director Ed Catmull, and animator John Lasseter.
Price, Daniel.The Pixar Touch. New York: Alfred A.
Knopf, 2008. Inspiring story of Pixar’s corporate
success, emphasizing its role as the most impor-
tant film studio of the modern era.
Rubin, Michael.Droidmaker: George Lucas and the
Digital Revolution.Gainesville, Fla.: Triad, 2005.
Narrates the history of Pixar from its first days
as an outgrowth of George Lucas’s computer-
generated imagery (CGI) technology.
Howard Bromberg
See also Advertising; Amazon.com; Apple Com-
puter; CGI; Computers; Dot-coms; Film in the
United States; Internet; Jobs, Steve; Science and
technology; Stock market; Toys and games.
Planned Parenthood v. Casey
Identification U.S. Supreme Court decision
Date Decided on June 29, 1992
The Supreme Court upheld the central holding ofRoe v.
Wade, the 1973 case that held that a woman’s choice of
whether to have an abortion was protected by the constitu-
tional right of privacy.
Of the nine Supreme Court justices who had partici-
pated inRoe v. Wade, six had left the Court by 1992.
All six replacements had been appointed by Repub-
lican presidents, and of the three remaining on the
Court, two, William H. Rehnquist and Byron White,
had dissented inRoe. These circumstances created
an expectation thatRoemight be overturned. An op-
portunity for reversal arose when five provisions of
the Pennsylvania Abortion Control Act of 1982 were
challenged by Planned Parenthood of Southeastern
Pennsylvania, an abortion provider. The district
court held all five provisions to be unconstitutional.
The U.S. Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit held
only the spousal notification provision to be invalid.
The Supreme Court essentially affirmed the holding
of the court of appeals.
InPlanned Parenthood v. Casey, the Court rejected
the rigid trimester structure created inRoe, substitut-
ing instead an “undue burden” test, in which a re-
striction on the abortion right would be invalid if it
“has the purpose or effect of placing a substantial ob-
stacle in the path of a woman seeking an abortion of
a nonviable fetus.” Applying this test, the Court up-
held provisions requiring a minor seeking an abor-
tion to notify at least one of her parents; requiring
abortionists to provide information to a woman re-
questing an abortion regarding the nature and risks
of abortion and childbirth; requiring a twenty-four-
hour waiting period after the woman’s receipt of the
mandated information, after which her consent for
the abortion would become valid; and requiring cer-
tain recordkeeping. The Court struck down a provi-
sion of the Pennsylvania law that required physicians
to refrain from performing an abortion on a mar-
ried woman unless she had notified her husband of
her decision to abort.
Impact The Supreme Court reaffirmed both the
right of a woman to choose to have an abortion be-
fore fetal viability without undue governmental in-
terference and the state’s power to restrict abortionsThe Nineties in America Planned Parenthood v. Casey 675