The Mongols and the Black Sea Trade in the 13th and 14th Centuries

vi contents

3.4 The Commercial implications: Connecting the Black Sea

to the Eurasian Trade network ................................................. 95

3.4.1 The Jochid Branch: urgench-Sarai-Tana/Caffa ....... 96

3.4.2 The ilkhanid Branch: Tabriz-Trebizond .................... 114

4 The Golden Horde and the Black Sea ............................................... 141

4.1 The origin of the Golden Horde’s Black Sea Policy ........... 141

4.1.1 The Cumans and the Black Sea Trade ....................... 141

4.1.2 Batu: Black Sea Trade in the Shadow of Tabriz ...... 144

4.1.3 Berke and the loss of Tabriz: The Basis of the

Golden Horde’s Black Sea Policy ................................. 148

4.2 Cooperation and Confrontation with the italian

Merchant Republics ...................................................................... 150

4.2.1 The Beginnings .................................................................. 152

4.2.2 noghai and Toqta, the Genoese and Venetians:

The Battle for the Black Sea Trade ............................. 157

4.2.3 Toqta: Cooperation and Rupture ................................ 163

4.2.4 Özbek: Cooperation Reaches its Peak ....................... 173

4.2.5 Janibek: The Great Rupture .......................................... 199

4.2.6 Berdibek and Mamai: The low Point ........................ 219

4.2.7 Toqtamïsh: A Brief Revival ............................................ 225

4.3 The Problem of the Straits and the Tartar Solution ........... 241

4.3.1 The Battle for the Straits and for the

Seljuk Sultanate ................................................................ 241

4.3.2 A Guardian of the Straits: The Khanate of the

lower danube ................................................................... 248

4.3.3 Tartar Policy Between the Carpathians and the

Straits After the End of noghai’s Khanate ................ 259

5 Conclusion: The Black Sea, Crossroads and Bypass of

Eurasian Trade .......................................................................................... 281

The Main Chinggisid Rulers ........................................................................ 283

Bibliography ..................................................................................................... 285

index ................................................................................................................... 301