16952 sssa, f. 229, op. 1, 1888–89, d. 256, Delo “O peremenakh, proizshidshikh
mezhdu ofitserami iz tuzemtsev,” ll. 20–30.
53 Henze, “Fire and Sword in the Caucasus,” 16; i. khatiashvili, “dagestnis
imamebi,” mogzauri, nos. 1–4 (1903):29–44; nos. 7–8 (1903):192–208; V.A.
Georgiev and N.G. Georgieva, “Kavkazskaia voina (1829–1864 gg.),” in
Georgiev et al., Sbornik russkogo istoricheskogo obshchestva, 158–71;
Bennigsen and Wimbush, Mystics and Commissars, 18–20; on North
Caucasus Sufism and a discussion of the diversity of views that made up
the North Caucasus notion of ghazavat, see Zelkina, In Quest for God and
Freedom; Halbach, ‹Heiliger Krieg’ gegen den Zarismus”; Kemper,
“Einige Notizen zur Arabischsprachigen Literatur.”
54 Voll, Islam, 59–61. Also see Martin, Muslim Brotherhoods in Nineteenth -
Century Africa; and O’Brien and Coulon, Charisma and Brotherhood in
African Islam.
55 Green, “Political Attitudes and Activities of the Ulama in the Liberal
Age,” 217. This generalization, of course, does not always hold, and cer-
tain Sufi orders closely cooperated with the French in West Africa and the
Maghrib.
56 Ruedy, Modern Algeria, 57–65; Danziger, Abd al-Qadir and the Algerians;
Dekmejian and Wyszomirski, “Charismatic Leadership in Islam”; Voll,
“Mahdis, Walis, and New Men in the Sudan”; Voll, “The British, the
‘Ulama,’ and Popular Islam in the Early Anglo-Egyptian Sudan.”
57 See Rhinelander, Prince Michael Vorontsov, 145 and 250n49.
58 Danziger, Abd al-Qadir and the Algerians, 79.
59 Esadze, Pokorenie zapadnogo Kavkaza i okonchanie Kavkazskoi voiny, 68;
Boratav, “La Russie dans les Archives ottomanes in Dossier ottoman sur
l’imam Chamil”; Henze, “Circassia in the Nineteenth Century,” 256;
Prozritelev, Posol’stvo ot Shamilia k Abadzekham.
60 Ruedy, Modern Algeria, 65; Danziger, Abd al-Qadir and the Algerians, 238–47.
61 The letter written by Abd al-Qadir was translated from Arabic into French
by Russian officials in Constantinople and can be found in gviarf, f. 400,
op. 1, 1866, d. 14, Delo “Zapiska vitse kantslera na imia voennogo minis-
tra o poezdke Shamilia v Mekku,” l. 3.
62 gviarf, f. 38, op. 7, 1865, d. 507, Delo “O dozvolenii voenno-plennomu
Shamiliu vyekhat’ v Turtsiiu,” Ignat’ev, 12 September 1865, l. 4.
63 M. Ia. Ol’shevskii, “Kavkaz i pokorenie vostochnoi ego chasti,” Russkaia
Starina 27 (1880):290–5.
64 A. Zisserman, “Lager u ozera Iani-am,” Kavkaz, no. 59 (30 July 1859):316.
65 A. Zisserman, “O poslednikh sobytiiakh v Dagestane,” Kavkaz, no. 72
(13September 1859):398–9.
66 Gadzhi-Ali, “Skazanie ochevidtsa o Shamile,” ssokg 7 (1873), part 1:63.
67 “Vziatie v plen Shamilia,” Zhurnal dlia chteniia vospitannikam voenno-
uchebnykh zavedenii 142, no. 566 (15 January 1860):179.
Notes to pages 19–22