The New WarfarePersian king. In the sixth century B.C., Ezekiel (27:14) de-
clared that the Phoenicians of Tyre, who were accustomed to
having the best of everything, got their horses from Togarmah.
This Togarmah, or Til-Garimmu, was "on the border of Ta-
bal," in southwestern Armenia. 101 The Assyrians remarked on
the horses and horsemanship of Urartu, the lands around Lake
Van, Lake Urmia, and Mt. Ararat: so, for example, Sargon II
in his account of his eighth campaign (714 B.C.). 102 Tiglath-
Pileser I, at the end of the twelfth century B.C. , was one of the
first Assyrian kings to campaign in Armenia. He claimed to
have collected there as booty twelve hundred horses along with
two thousand cattle. '° 3
The earliest reference to the horses of Armenia may be the
letter, mentioned above, that Aplachanda of Carchemish sent
to Zimri-Lim of Mari ca. 1800 B.C. Horses were not bred in
Carchemish, and Aplachanda therefore had to send to a place
called Charsamna in order to obtain the chariot horses that
Zimri-Lim requested. Weidner noted that Charsamna was
mentioned in documents from Kiiltepe and from Boghazkoy
(he also noted that it must have long remained an equid em-
porium, since a Neo-Assyrian gazetteer describes it as "the
mountain of horses").I04 Although precision is impossible, it
is almost certain that Charsamna lay somewhere in eastern An-
atolia, and it is possible that it lay in the Uzun Yayla District,
east of Kayseri. 105
- For the location of Til-Garimmu, see Sennacherib's inscrip-
tions in D. D. Luckenbill, Ancient Records of Assyria and Babylonia (Chicago:
Univ. of Chicago Press, 1927), vol. 2, nos. 290 and 349. - Cf. ibid., no. 158: "The people who live in that district are
without equal in all of Urartu in their knowledge of riding-horses. For years
they had been catching the young colts of (wild) horses, native to his wide
land, and raising them for his royal army." - Ibid., vol. I, no. 236.
- Weidner, "Weisse Pferde," 158.
- Otten, s.v. "Harsumna" in RLA (4: 126), describes the name
only as "an Anatolian placename" (he notes that one of the Mari letters
mentions Charsamna in conjunction with Kanesh and Hattusas). For the
113