Sakaue Y., with K.L. Reeves
39 Hayakawa Shōhachi, “Ritsuryō sei to tennō,” 3–8.
40 Morita Tei, “Daijōkansei to sesshō kanpaku,” 36–38; Sakaue Yasutoshi, “Hatsunicchoku, sōshō jikō to
ronsō jikō,” 10–11; Torao Tatsuya, “Sangisei no seiritsu,” 88.
41 Iida Mizuho, “Daijōkansō ni tsuite,” 26.
42 Torao Tatsuya, “Fujiwara no Miyako ni ‘dai fujin’ shōgō jiken ni tsuite.”
43 Nagayama Yasutaka, “Kodai kizoku no shūen,” 117–120.
44 Yamanaka Toshiji, Kodai chihō kanga iseki no kenkyū, 388–389.
45 See, for example, John W. Hall, Government and Local Power, 99–114; William Wayne Farris, Population,
Disease and Land in Early Japan, 645–900, 74–99; Torao Toshiya, “Nara Economic and Social Institu-
tions”; Dana Morris, “Land and Society”; and Cornelius J. Kiley, “Provincial Administration and Land
Tenure in Early Heian.” Sakaue Yasutoshi, “Ritsuryō kokka no hō to shakai,” 20–27, also argues, based
on analysis of the Tiansheng ling, that the provisions for private ownership of land seriously shook the
foundations of the previous system of state- owned land.
46 See, for example, Yoshida Takashi, “Konden einen shizaihō no kisoteki kenkyū,” 279.
47 Terasaki Yasuhiro, Nagayaō, 178–201.
48 See, for example, Ōtsu Tōru, “Kyakushiki no seiritsu to sekkanki no hō,” 83, 99–100.
49 Yamamura, Kozo, “The Decline of the Ritsuryō System: Hypotheses on Economic and Institutional
Change.” The quoted phrases, which appear frequently throughout the article, are from p. 28.
50 Sakamoto Shozō, Nihon ōchō kokka taiseiron; Sakaue Yasutoshi, “Fumyō taisei no seiritsu,” 25. The ōchō
polity is discussed in Chapter 8 of this volume. For more on the vicissitudes of governance and land-
holding in the provinces during the tenth and eleventh centuries, see Chapter 9.
51 Ōtsu Tōru, “Ritsuryō kokka no tenkai katei”; Yoshikawa Shinji, “Sekkan seiji no tensei.” For a full
discussion of kenmon taisei, see Chapter 7 of this volume.
52 G. Cameron Hurst, III, Insei: Abdicated Sovereigns in the Politics of Late Heian Japan 1086–1185; Cornelius
J. Kiley, “Estate and Property in the Late Heian Period.”
53 Dana Morris, “Peasant Economy in Early Japan, 650–950”; Farris, Population, Disease, and Land; Bruce
Batten, “Provincial Administration in Early Japan: From Ritsuryō kokka to Ōchō kokka”; Farris, Heavenly
Warriors; Friday, Hired Swords.
54 Mikael Adolphson et al., Heian Japan: Centers and Peripheries.
55 Ōtsu Tōru, “Kōnō to saishi,” and “Kura to kagi”; Sakaue Yasutoshi, “Kodai no hō to kanshū,” 213–217;
Yoshida Takashi, “ ‘Ritsuryō kokka’ to ‘kōchi kōmin,’ ” 35.
56 Yoshida Takashi, “Ritsuryō kokka no shodankai,” 438.
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