P.D. Shapinsky
Power in Medieval Japan, 55–57; Ethan I. Segal, Coins, Trade, and the State: Economic Growth in Early Medi-
eval Japan.
7 Keirstead, The Geography of Power in Medieval Japan, 114–118; Nishitani, “Shōensei no tenkai to shoyū
kōzō,” 139; Mary Elizabeth Berry, The Culture of Civil War in Kyoto; Fujiki Hisashi, Toyotomi heiwarei to
sengoku shakai; Ike Susumu, “Sengoku to wa nani ka,” 7.
8 John W. Hall, “Japan’s Sixteenth- Century Revolution”; Nagahara, “The Decline of the Shōen System”;
261; Kurushima Noriko, Ikki to sengoku daimyō, 73.
9 Karl F. Friday, Samurai, Warfare and the State in Early Medieval Japan; Takahashi Osamu, “Bushidan to
ryōshu shihai,” 165–167; Noguchi Minoru, Buke no tōryō no jōken: chūsei bushi o minaosu; Ikegami Hiroko,
“Sengoku no sonraku”; Katsumata Shizuo, Sengoku jidairon, 280–284.
10 Takahashi, “Bushidan to ryōshu shihai,” 167; Jeffrey P. Mass, “Identity, Personal Names and Kamakura
Society,” 92.
11 John W. Hall, Government and Local Power 500–1700: A Study Based on Bizen Province; David Spafford,
“What’s in a Name: House Revival, Adoption and the Bounds of Family in Late Medieval Japan”;
Kurushima Noriko, Ikki to sengoku daimyō, 30–31; Miyazaki Fumiko, “Religious Life of the Kamakura
Bushi: Kumagai Naozane and His Descendants,” 443–445; Thomas D. Conlan, State of War: The Violent
Order of Fourteenth- Century Japan, 6–7; Conlan, “Thicker than Blood: The Social and Political Signifi-
cance of Wet Nurses in Japan, 950–1330.”
12 Jeffrey P. Mass, Lordship and Inheritance in Early Medieval Japan; Hitomi Tonomura, “Women and Inherit-
ance in Japan’s Early Warrior Society”; Spafford, “What’s in a Name.”
13 Yamamoto Kōji, Yoritomo no tenka sōsō, 80–85.
14 Jeffrey P. Mass, Yoritomo and the Founding of the First Bakufu: The Origins of Dual Government in Japan;
Friday, Samurai, Warfare and the State, 46–49, 56–57; Takahashi Noriyuki, “Jitōsei, gokeninsei kenkyū
no shindankai o saguru.”
15 Mass, Yoritomo and the Founding of the First Bakufu; Yanagihara Toshiaki, “Chūsei no kōtsū to chiikisei,”
135; Kakehi Masahiro, Mōkō shūrai to tokuseirei, 58–65.
16 Nagahara, “The Decline of the Shōen System,” 264; Pierre F. Souyri, The World Turned Upside Down:
Medieval Japanese Society, 55; Kakehi Masahiro, Mōkō shūrai to tokuseirei, 42–56; Andrew E. Goble,
Kenmu: Go- Daigo’s Revolution.
17 Miyamoto Shinpei, “Kamakura- ki kuge chigyōkoku no kokumu un’ei”; Peter J. Arnesen, The Medieval
Japanese Daimyō: The Ōuchi Family’s Rule of Suō and Nagato, ch. 2.
18 Nagahara, “The Decline of the Shōen System,” 265–268; Jeffrey P. Mass, “Jitō Land Possession in the
Thirteenth Century: The Case of Shitaji Chūbun”; Nishitani, “Shōensei no tenkai to shoyū kōzō,”
135–136.
19 Segal, Coins, Trade, and the State, ch. 2; Amino Yoshihiko, Rethinking Japanese History, ch. 3; Yanagihara,
“Chūsei no kōtsū to chiikisei,” 134–135; Noguchi, Buke no tōryō no jōken, 156–163.
20 Amino Yoshihiko, Kaimin to Nihon shakai: These are what Japan has Raised in its History, 236; Kakehi Masa-
hiro, Mōkō shūrai to tokuseirei, 65; Shapinsky, Lords of the Sea, ch. 3.
21 Morten Oxenboell, “Images of Akutō”; Amino Yoshihiko, Akutō to kaizoku: Nihon chūsei no shakai to
seiji; Amino, Rethinking Japanese History, 83–84; Lorraine F. Harrington, “Social Control and the Signifi-
cance of Akutō”; Goble, Kenmu, 107–112; Kakehi Masahiro, Mōkō shūrai to tokuseirei, 69–70; Thomas D.
Conlan, In Little Need of Divine Intervention: Takezaki Suenaga’s Scrolls of the Mongol Invasions of Japan,
p. 202.
22 Mass, “Of Hierarchy and Authority”; Conlan, State of War; Friday, Samurai, Warfare and the State.
23 For critiques of teleology and creative uses of past precedents: Berry, The Culture of Civil War in Kyoto;
Morgan Pitelka, Handmade Culture: Raku Potters, Patrons, and Tea Practitioners in Japan; David Spafford, A
Sense of Place: The Political Landscape in Late Medieval Japan; Tonomura, Community and Commerce. For
land, see Hall, Government and Local Power; Matsuoka Hisato, “The Sengoku Daimyō of Western Japan:
The Case of the Ōuchi”; Arnesen, The Medieval Japanese Daimyō. For different forms of territoriality, see
Shapinsky, Lords of the Sea. The routes by vassals and other parvenus acquired power have been often
characterized using the historical expression “low overthrowing the high” (gekokujō) (Souyri, The
World Turned Upside Down).
24 Most shugo were obliged to reside in Kyoto. The exception to this rule was that shugo under the jurisdic-
tion of the Kantō deputy (Kamakura Kubō), resided in Kamakura.
25 The shogunate appointed regional commanders to eastern Japan (Kamakura Kubō) and Kyushu (Kyushu
Tandai), who, with prestigious connections of blood and cultural capital to the Ashikaga shoguns,
provided counterweights to powerful shugo. Thomas Nelson, “Bakufu and Shugo Under the Early