Court and countryside 1200–1600Ashikaga”; Kawai Masaharu, “Shogun and Shugo: The Provincial Aspects of Muromachi Politics”;
Lorraine F. Harrington, “Regional Outposts of Muromachi Bakufu Rule: The Kantō and Kyushu”;
Spafford, A Sense of Place.
26 Nagahara Keiji, Sengoku no dōran, 50–55; Souryi, The World Turned Upside Down, 203–209.
27 Hall, “Foundations of the Modern Japanese Daimyō.”
28 Quoted in Imatani Akira, “Muromachi Local Government,” 257–258.
29 Yata Toshifumi, Nihon chūsei sengoku- ki kenryoku kōzō no kenkyū; Arnesen, The Medieval Japanese Daimyō;
for hanzei, see Prescott B. Wintersteen, Jr., “The Muromachi Shugo and Hanzei”; Conlan, State of War,
224–229; Imatani Akira, “Muromachi Local Government,” 240–243; Miyagawa Mitsuru, “From
Shōen to Chigyō,” 90–91; Nagahara, “Decline of the Shōen System,” 273–276; Kurushima Noriko,
Ikki to sengoku daimyō, 217–220.
30 Imatani Akira, “Muromachi Local Government”; Miyagawa Mitsuru, “From Shōen to Chigyō,” 105;
Arnesen, The Medieval Japanese Daimyō; Shapinsky, Lords of the Sea; Mizuno Tetsuo, “Sengoku- ki
Shimazu- shi ryōgoku ni okeru Ise- ryū buke kojitsu no juyō to tenkai”; Sakurai Eiji, Muromachibito no
seishin, 204–207; Spafford, A Sense of Place, ch. 2.
31 A good historiographical essay on daimyō can be found in the introduction of Yata, Nihon chūsei sengoku-
ki kenryoku kōzō no kenkyū.
32 Spafford, A Sense of Place, 17.
33 Souyri, World Turned Upside Down, 209; Miyagawa Mitsuru, “From Shōen to Chigyō,” 101; Fujiki,
Toyotomi heiwarei to sengoku shakai; Yata, Nihon chūsei sengoku- ki kenryoku kōzō no kenkyū; Kurushima
Noriko, Ikki to sengoku daimyō; Sasaki Junnosuke, “The Changing Rationale of Daimyō Control in the
Emergence of the Bakuhan State,” 276–281; Herman Ooms, Tokugawa Ideology: Early Constructs,
1570–1680, 27; Matthew P. McKelway, Capitalscapes: Folding Screens and Political Imagination in Late
Medieval Kyoto, 2–3; Conlan, “The Failed Attempt to Move the Emperor”; Hall, “Japan’s Sixteenth-
Century Revolution,” 10.
34 Katsumata Shizuo, “The Development of Sengoku Law.”
35 Michael P. Birt, “Samurai in Passage: The Transformation of the Sixteenth- Century Kantō”; Steven D.
Carter, Literary Patronage in Late Medieval Japan; Spafford, A Sense of Place; Ike Susumu, “Sengoku- ki
chiiki kenryoku no ‘kōgi’ ni tsuite,” 12–13; Ike Susumu, “Sengoku- ki to ‘kogi’ ”; Mary Elizabeth Berry,
“Public Peace and Private Attachment: The Goals and Conduct of Power in Early Modern Japan,”
269–271; Kage Toshio, Ajia no naka no sengoku daimyō: Saigoku no gun’yū to keiei senryaku; Marushima
Kazuhiro, Sengoku daimyō no gaikō; Shapinsky, Lords of the Sea.
36 Yamamuro Kyōko, “Sengoku no chiikisei”; Nagahara, “The Sengoku Daimyō and the Kandaka
System,” 28–29.
37 Sasaki Gin’ya, “Sengoku Daimyō Rule and Commerce”; Yata, Nihon chūsei sengoku- ki kenryoku kōzō no
kenkyū, 232–240; Kishida Hiroshi, Daimyō ryōgoku no keizai kōzō; Shapinsky, Lords of the Sea.
38 Miyagawa Mitsuru, “From Shōen to Chigyō”; Spafford, A Sense of Place, ch. 3.
39 Kawai Masaharu, “Shogun and Shugo,” 73–74; Miyagawa Mitsuru, “From Shōen to Chigyō”; Imatani
Akira, “Muromachi Local Government”; Nagahara, “The Decline of the Shōen System,” 279; Suzanne
Gay, “The Kawashima: Warrior- Peasants of Medieval Japan”; Sakurai Eiji, “Chūsei no shōhin
ichiba,” 226.
40 David L. Davis, “Ikki in Late Medieval Japan”; Amino, Rethinking Japanese History, 101–102; Souyri,
The World Turned Upside Down; Hall, “Japan’s Sixteenth- Century Revolution,” p. 11.
41 Katsumata Shizuo, Ikki.
42 Keirstead, The Geography of Power in Medieval Japan, ch. 4.
43 Berry, The Culture of Civil War in Kyoto, 89–93.
44 Kurushima Noriko, Ikki to sengoku daimyō, 10.
45 Kurushima, Ikki to sengoku daimyō; Ike, Sengoku daimyō to ikki; Ike, “Sengoku- ke no ‘kuni’ ni tsuite”;
Kawai Masaharu, “Shogun and Shugo,” 80–84.
46 Souyri, The World Turned Upside Down, p. 194; Neil McMullin, Buddhism and the State in Sixteenth-
Century Japan; Carol R. Tsang, War and Faith: Ikkō Ikki in Late Muromachi Japan.
47 Kristina Kade Troost, “Peasants, Elites, and Villages in the Fourteenth Century”; Farris, Japan’s Medi-
eval Population, 94–95, ch. 4; Nishitani Masahiro, “Shōensei no tenkai to shoyū kōzō,” 137; Tonomura,
Community and Commerce.
48 For “light” and “dark,” see Fujiki, Toyotomi heiwarei to sengoku shakai, i–vi; for multidimensional explora-
tions of autonomy and patronage, see Fujiki, Toyotomi heiwarei to sengoku shakai, 106–122.
49 Fujiki Hisashi, Zōhyōtachi no senjō: chūsei no yōhei to doreigari.