P.D. Shapinsky
50 Tonomura, Community and Commerce; Gay, “The Kawashima”; Kurushima Noriko, Ikki to sengoku
daimyō, 80.
51 Fujiki Hisashi, Toyotomi heiwarei to sengoku shakai; Ike Susumu, “Sengoku to wa nani ka”; Birt, “Samurai
in Passage”; Kurushima Noriko, Ikki to sengoku daimyō, 68–70.
52 Thomas Keirstead, “Inventing Medieval Japan: The History and Politics of National Identity”; Yamada
Nakaba, Ghenkō: The Mongol Invasion of Japan; Stefan Tanaka, Japan’s Orient: Rendering Pasts into History;
Hall, Government and Local Power; Conrad, “The Colonial Ties are Liquidated.”
53 For interesting musings on this, see Keirstead, “Inventing Medieval Japan,” 69–70.
54 Amino, Rethinking Japanese History; Bruce L. Batten, To the Ends of Japan: Premodern Frontiers, Boundaries,
and Interactions; Murai Shōsuke, Nihon chūsei kyōkai shiron; Kenneth R. Robinson, “An Island’s Place in
History: Tsushima in Japan and Korea, 1392–1592”; Conlan, “The Failed Attempt to Move the
Emperor to Yamaguchi and the Fall of the Ōuchi.”
55 Mimi H. Yiengpruksawan, Hiraizumi: Buddhist Art and Regional Politics in Twelfth- Century Japan; Murai
Shōsuke, Umi kara mita sengoku Nihon: rettōshi kara sekaishi e, ch. 2; Alexander Bay, “The Swift Horses of
Nukanobu: Bridging the Frontiers of Medieval Japan”; Mark J. Hudson, Ruins of Identity: Ethnogenesis in
the Japanese Islands, ch. 8; Yanagihara, “Chūsei no kōtsū to chiikisei.”
56 Murai Shōsuke, Nihon chūsei kyōkai shiron; Chūsei Wajinden; and Ajia no naka no chūsei Nihon; Benjamin
Hazard, “The Formative Years of the Wakō, 1222–63”; Yanagihara, “Chūsei no kōtsū to chiikisei”;
Kawazoe Shōji, “Japan and East Asia”; Mori Katsuhiko, “Chūsei Kyushu no kōeki-kō to Tōjinmachi”;
Tanaka Takeo, Wakō: Umi no rekishi; Jurgis Elisonas, “The Inseparable Trinity: Japan’s Relations with
China and Korea”; Shapinsky, Lords of the Sea.
57 Amino, Muen kugai raku: Nihon chūsei no jiyū to heiwa; Conlan, State of War, p. 105; Hotate Michihisa,
“Chūsei zenki no gyogyō to shōensei: kakai to ryōyū to gyomin o megutte”; Shapinsky, Lords of the Sea.
For Amino, one reason to explore the concept of muen, non- agricultural commoners, and other periph-
eries was to better understand the role of the emperor as a persistent force in Japanese history.
58 Amino, Rethinking Japanese History, 262–266; Noguchi, Buke no tōryō no jōken; Jeffery P. Mass, “The
Kamakura Bakufu,” 68–72; Mass, Yoritomo and the Founding of the First Bakufu, 254; Spafford, A Sense of
Place, ch. 1.
59 Yanagihara, “Chūsei no kōtsū to chiikisei”; Murai, Nihon chūsei kyōkai shiron; Murai, Ajia no naka no
chūsei Nihon; Amino, Nihon chūsei no hinōgyōmin to tennō and Rethinking Japanese History, ch. 10.
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