The sixteenth century8 Butler, although best known for his work on more traditional institutional history—particularly his
Emperor and Aristocracy in Japan, 1467–1680: Resilience and Renewal—has also written on social history.
See, for example, “The Way of Yin and Yang: A Tradition Revived, Sold, Adopted” and “ ‘Washing
Off the Dust’: Baths and Bathing in Late Medieval Japan.”
9 Spafford, A Sense of Place. The quotation appears on page 12.
10 Chūsei kōki kenkyūkai, Muromachi Sengoku- ki kenkyū o yominaosu.
11 Since the topics of economic and religious history will be covered by separate chapters in this Hand-
book, only the sections on political and social history will be reviewed here.
12 Matsunaga Kazuhiro, “Nambokuchō Muromachi- ki ni okeru kuge to buke,” 4–28.
13 The construct of kenmon is discussed in detail in Chapter 8 of this volume.
14 Momosaki Yuichirō, “Muromachi- dono no chōtei shihai to densō-ron,” 29–59.
15 Yamada Tōru, “Nambokuchō-ki no shugo- ron ni megutte,” 60–84.
16 Yoshida Kenji, “Muromachi bakufu ni yoru tohi no kenryoku hensei,” 85–108.
17 Hirade Masanori, “Sengoku- ki seiji kenryoku- ron no tenkai to kadai,” 109–149.
18 Oshita Shigetoshi, “Oda Toyotomi seiken- ka no chiiki shihai,” 150–174.
19 Nishijima Tarō, “Chūsei kōki no zaichi ryōshu kenkyū,” 175–207.
20 Shimizu Katsuyuki, “Shūzoku-ron toshite no shakai- shi,” 208–238.
21 Shimizu, “Shūzoku-ron toshite no shakai- shi.” The quotation appears on page 208 of the text.
22 Mieda Akiko, “Chūsei kōki no mibunsei- ron,” 239–268.
23 For all its successes, Yominaosu continues to be reviewed at numerous historical conferences. One, held
on July 19, 2008, soon after the volume appeared, was entitled “ ‘Muromachi Sengoku- ki kenkyū o
yominaosu’ o yominaosu” (literally “Reevaluating the Reevaluation of Muromachi Sengoku Era
Research”).
24 Hall, “The Muromachi Bakufu.”
25 Berry, Hideyoshi. The quote appears on page 166 of the text.
26 Berry, The Culture of Civil War in Kyoto; and Japan in Print: Information and Nation in the Early Modern
Period.
27 In brief, shōen, most commonly translated as “estates,” were units of land from which absentee proprie-
tors derived rights of income, usually provided in rice. “Estates” is problematic, as it leads toward erro-
neous parallels to European feudal models, including the image of the lord living upon these landed
units. Under the kandaka system land was taxed in coin. Examples of Nagahara’s work on this subject
include: “The Decline of the Shōen System”; and “The Sengoku Daimyō and the Kandaka System.”
28 Examples of efforts to foster cooperation in the field include collaborative efforts like the 2011 Univer-
sity of Michigan conference “Early Modern ‘Medieval’: Reconstructing Japanese Pasts.”
29 Kenneth Robinson, “Japanese Presence, Korean Military Bases, and Korean Maps in the Late Fifteen
Century.”
30 Amino, Rethinking Japanese History. Amino discusses the idea of an Asian cultural sphere in Chapter 2,
“The Maritime View of the Japanese Archipelago.” In essence, he argues that Japan was not an isolated
country in the premodern age, and that throughout, the seas acted not as barriers but as highways pro-
moting interaction with other Asian cultures.
31 Barbara Ruch, “Medieval Jongleurs and the Making of a National Literature.” The quoted passage
appears on page 291.
32 Butler, Emperor and Aristocracy in Japan, 1467–1680: Resilience and Renewal.
33 Butler, “ ‘Washing Off the Dust’: Baths and Bathing in Late Medieval Japan.”
34 Morgan Pitelka, Handmade Culture: Raku Potters, Patrons, and Tea Practitioners in Japan.
35 Morten Oxenboell, “Akutō: Images of Medieval Japanese Banditry.”
36 Eiko Ikegami, The Taming of the Samurai: Honorific Individualism and the Making of Modern Japan.
37 See Karl Friday, Samurai, Warfare and the State in Early Medieval Japan, 23–32.
38 Herman Ooms, Tokugawa Ideology: Early Constructs, 1570–1680.
39 Ooms’ student David Eason’s study of the role of emotion in law and in conflict resolution during the
premodern period (“Ruled by Restraint: Law, Conflict, and Emotion in Early Modern Japan”) is
perhaps the only exception to this trend.
40 For more on this topic, see Hall, “Terms and Concepts in Japanese Medieval History: An Inquiry into
the Problems of Translation.”
41 Sato Kazuhiko et al., Nihon chūsei-shi kenkyū jiten; Murakami Tadashi, Nihon kinsei- shi kenkyū jiten.
42 Shimoyama Haruhisa, Go- Hōjō-shi kashindan jinmei jiten.
43 Kadokawa Nihon chimei dai- jiten henshū iinkai, Nihon chimei dai- jiten.