Religion in archaic Japan47 Recent overviews of issues concerning Shintō in archaic Japan include Kuroda Toshio, “Shinto in the
History of Japanese Religion”; Inoue Nobutaka, “Introduction: What is Shinto?”; Mori, “Ancient and
Classical Japan.”
48 Barnes, State Formation in Japan, 178–179; “A Hypothesis for Early Kofun Rulership.”
49 Joan R. Piggott, The Emergence of Japanese Kingship, 415.
50 For an overview of Daoism in archaic Japan, see Tim Barrett, “Shinto and Taoism in Early Japan.”
51 For a detailed description of this tomb, see J. Edward Kidder, “The Newly Discovered Takamatsuzuka
Tomb.”
52 For the Nihon shoki story of the importation of Buddhism to Japan, see Inoue Mitsusada, trans. and ed.
Nihon shoki, Vol. 2, 474; William E. Deal, “Buddhism and the State in Early Japan,” 218ff.
53 For instance, see Tsuda Sōkichi, Nihon koten no kenkyū, for a discussion of ideological fabrications in the
Nihon shoki.
54 William E. Deal and Brian Ruppert, A Cultural History of Japanese Buddhism, 20.
55 Tamura Enchō, Zusetsu Nihon bukkyō no rekishi: Asuka, Nara jidai, 6–8.
56 For an overview of Buddhist transmission issues, see Deal and Ruppert, A Cultural History of Japanese
Buddhism, 17–19.
57 Barnes, China, Korea, and Japan; Piggott, The Emergence of Japanese Kingship.
58 For the Nihon shoki account, see Deal, “Buddhism and the State in Early Japan,” 220–222.
59 Ōsumi Kazuo, “Historical Notes on Women and the Japanization of Buddhism,” xxxii–xxxiv. The
quoted passage appears on p. xxxi.
60 Kuroda Toshio, “Shinto in the History of Japanese Religion”; and Yoshida Kazuhiko, “Revisioning
Religion in Ancient Japan.”
61 For a review of scholarly critiques of the historicity of Shōtoku, see Yoshida Kazuhiko, “Revisioning
Religion in Ancient Japan,” 12–13; and Kodai bukkyō o yominaosu, 70–96. The most outspoken critic of
the Shōtoku image is arguably Ōyama Seiichi; see “Shōtoku taishi” no tanjō and Shōtoku Taishi no
shinjitsu.
62 Deal, “Buddhism and the State in Early Japan,” 224; Deal and Ruppert, A Cultural History of Japanese
Buddhism, 47.
63 Yoshida Kazuhiko, “Revisioning Religion in Ancient Japan.” 5–6.
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