Gender and family: classical ageexercised in the name of patrilineal line; but it was physically possessed by the maternal line, which
provided the material support necessary to wield it. Nickerson, “The Meaning of Matrilocality, Kinship
Property, and Politics in Mid- Heian.”
3 Sekiguchi Hiroko, “Rekishigaku ni okeru joseishi kenkyū no igi.”
4 Yoshida Takashi, Ritsuryō kokka to kodai no shakai.
5 Tsude Hiroshi, “Genshidoki to josei.”
6 Ogasawara Yoshihiko, “Kokka keiseiki no josei”; Sahara Makoto, “Dōtaku no bi.” Also see Tsude,
“Genshidoki to josei.”
7 Nishino Yukiko, “Genshi shakai to jendā.”
8 For example see Kondō Yoshirō, “Kyōdōtai to tan’i shūdan,” (originally published as a journal article in
1959); Tsude Hiroshi, Nihon nōkō shakai no seiritsu katei.
9 See Fujisawa Atsushi, “Jūkyo to shūraku.” This study presents the historiography concerning the theory
of a “unilateral descent group.” It also presents the current view incorporating the new findings from
the Kuroimine Site.
10 Kobayashi Yukio, “Kofun no hassei no rekishiteki igi,” originally published in 1955.
11 Imai Takashi, “Kofun jidai zenki ni okeru josei no chii,” originally published in 1982.
12 Seike Akira, Kofun jidai no maisō genri to shinzoku kōzō. For recent English- language scholarship on Himiko
and her kingdom, see Gina Lee Barnes, State Formation in Japan: Emergence of a 4th-Century Ruling Elite; J.
Edward Kidder, Himiko and Japan’s Elusive Chiefdom of Yamatai: Archaeology, History, and Mythology;
Yoshie Akiko, “Gendered Interpretations of Female Rule: The Case of Himiko, Ruler of Yamatai.”
13 Seike, Kofun jidai no maisō genri to shinzoku kōzō.
14 Tanaka Yoshiyuki, Kofun jidai shinzoku kōzō no kenkyū.
15 See Seike, Kofun jidai no maisō genri to shinzoku kōzō.
16 Yoshie Akiko, Nihon kodai joseishiron. Gotō Michiko has proven that the custom of burying the husband
and wife in the same grave was established among aristocrats during the fifteenth and sixteenth centu-
ries; see Sengoku wo ikita kuge no tsuma tachi.
17 Yoshie, Nihon kodai joseishiron.
18 See Yoshie Akiko, Nihon kodai keifu Yōshikiron.
19 Mizoguchi Mutsuko, “Kiki ni mieru joseizō”; Yoshie Akiko, Tsukurareta Himiko.
20 Positions on this issue varied, however. G. Cameron Hurst (Insei: Abdicated Sovereigns in the Politics of Late
Heian Japan, 1086–1185), for example, embraced the notion that female monarchs came to the throne
primarily as placeholders for sons or grandsons, but did not relegate them to a passive role once they had
ascended. E. Patricia Tsurumi, (“The Male Present versus the Female Past: Historians and Japan’s
Ancient Female Emperors”), on the other hand, rejected all components of the thesis.
21 Araki Toshio, Kanōsei to shite no jotei.
22 Many scholars, including Satō Nagato, support the “interim ruler” theory, but Araki Toshio, Yoshie
Akiko, and Nitō Atsushi argue that both men and women became rulers because they had the necessary
ability, experience, and age to reign. See Araki Toshio et al., “Zadankai: Kodai jotei kenkyū no genzai.”
In English, see Hurst, Insei, 36–100; and Tsurumi, “Male Present versus Female Past.”
23 Yoshie Akiko, “Nihon kodai no jotei to shakai.”
24 See, for example, Joan R. Piggott, “Chieftain Pairs and Corulers: Female Sovereignty in Early Japan.”
See also Joan R. Piggott, The Emergence of Japanese Kingship.
25 The Yōrō Laws on Residential Units are included in Inoue Mitsusada et al., Nihon shisō taikei 3: Ritsuryō.
A detailed analysis, and an English translation, of the statute appears in Yoshie Akiko et al., “Gender in
the Japanese Administrative Code Part 1: Laws on Residence Units.”
26 The residence unit registers and provincial population registers are included in Dainihon komonjo shōsōin
monjo, vols. 1 and 24; and Takeuchi Rizō, Nara ibun, vol. 1. These printed versions, however, have pages
out of order, so please refer to updates in reprinted versions and newer studies for more correct informa-
tion. For example see Shōsōin mokuroku 1–7. In 2015, the Historiographical Institute at the University of
Tokyo also constructed a Shōsōin document database (Shōsōin monjo maruchi shien dētabēsu) available online
at wwwap.hi.u- tokyo.ac.jp/ships/shipscontroller. This site is very useful because it provides accurate
printed versions of the Shōsōin documents and new research on the documents.
27 Tōma Seita, “Kodai kokka,” originally published in 1943. See also Ishimoda Shō, “Kodai kazoku no
keisei katei,” originally published in 1942.
28 Kishi Toshio, “Ritsuryōsei no shakai kikō,” originally published in 1952.
29 Araki Moriaki, “Handen nōmin no sonzai keitai to kodai sekichō no bunseki hōhō,” originally published
in 1969. According to Nanbu Noboru, although the residence unit registers suggest that surnames were