Religion in Nara and Heian Japan45 McCallum, The Four Great Temples, 4.
46 The Shoku Nihongi notes, in an entry for 703, that the four temples at that moment were Daianji,
Yakushiji, Gangōji, and Gufukuji. In 735 the same source omitted Gufukuji and mentions Kōfukuji
instead. See Deal and Ruppert, A Cultural History of Japanese Buddhism, 49; McCallum, The Four Great
Temples, 158–159.
47 Abe, The Weaving of Mantra, 4; Richard Bowring, The Religious Traditions of Japan, 500–1600, 55.
48 Ihara Kesao, Nihon chūsei no kokusei to kasei; Mikaël Bauer, “The Power of Ritual,” 248.
49 Takayama Kyōko, Chūsei Kōfukuji no monzeki.
50 Mikael Adolphson, The Gates of Power, 347.
51 Kuroda Toshio, “The Buddhist Law and the Imperial Law,” 276–277.
52 Kuroda, “The Buddhist Law and the Imperial Law,” 275–276.
53 Adolphson, Gates of Power 10.
54 Adolphson, Gates of Power, 351.
55 Ihara, Nihon chūsei no kokusei to kasei, 16–17.
56 Ihara, Nihon chūsei no kokusei to kasei, 45–46.
57 Okano Koji, Heian jidai no kokka to jiin. For a discussion on Okano see Ruppert, “Constructing Histo-
ries,” 358–359.
58 Minowa Kenryō, Nihon bukkyō no kyōri keisei, hōe ni okeru shōdō to rongi no kenkyū; Kusunoki Junshō, Girei
ni miru Nihon no Bukkyō: Tōdaiji, Kōfukuji, Yakushiji.
59 Ruppert, Jewel in the Ashes, 266–267.
60 Bryan Lowe, “Buddhist Manuscript Cultures in Premodern Japan,” 289.
61 Bauer, “The Power of Ritual,” 17–18.
62 Lowe, “Buddhist Manuscript,” 295; Lowe, “The Discipline of Writing: Scribes and Purity in Eight-
Century Japan,” 228–229.
63 Max Moerman, “The Archaeology of Anxiety: An Underground History of Heian Religion,” 266.
64 Heather Blair, Real and Imagined: The Peak of Gold in Heian Japan, 1–16.
65 For a detailed overview of the state of the field regarding this tradition, see Gaynor Sekimori, “Shugendō:
Japanese Mountain Religion – State of the Field and Bibliographical Review.”
66 Phyllis Granoff and Koichi Shinohara, Pilgrims, Patrons, and Place.
67 Martin Kern, Text and Ritual in Early China.
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