W.W. Farris
6 J. Edward Kidder, “The Earliest Societies in Japan,” 58–80.
7 Serizawa, 152, has made a gross comparison of Jōmon population to that of the native Amer icans once
inhabiting the west coast of North America and suggested 350,000 as an upper limit. This guesstimate
does not use Japanese sites or data.
8 Kobayashi Kazumasa, “Jinkō jinrui gaku,” 63–130.
9 Kanaseki Hiroshi and Sahara Makoto, Kodai shi hakkutsu 4 Inasaku no hajimari, 30.
10 Hanihara Kazurō, “Estimation of the Number of Early Migrants to Japan: A Simulative Study,”
391–403, and “Dual Structure Model for Population History of Japan,” 1–33.
11 Mark Hudson, Ruins of Identity: Ethnogenesis in the Japanese Islands, 59–81.
12 Keiji Imamura, Prehistoric Japan, 155–160.
13 William Wayne Farris, “Pieces in a Puzzle: Changing Approaches to the Shōsōin Documents,”
397–435.
14 Sawada, Nara chō jidai minsei keizai no sūteki kenkyū, 143–310. See also Farris, Daily Life and Demographics
in Ancient Japan, 5–6.
15 Kamata Motokazu, “Nihon kodai no jinkō ni tsuite,” 131–154.
16 Kishi Toshio, Kodai kyūto no tankyū, 152–169.
17 This record may be found in Kanoko C iseki urushigami monjo: honbun hen, 105–110.
18 Farris, Daily Life and Demographics in Ancient Japan, 19. I arrived at this estimate by multiplying the
median value for village population for both Sawada (1,400) and Kamata/Sawada (1,250) by the number
of villages (4,012) listed in an early eighth- century source known as the Rissho zanpen. I then added in
appropriate numbers for slaves (10 percent), urbanites (150,000), and undetected individuals (100,000).
19 Farris, Population, Disease, and Land in Early Japan, 645–900, 50–73.
20 William McNeill, Plagues and Peoples, 125.
21 Farris, Daily Life and Demographics in Ancient Japan, 38–39.
22 Farris, “Famine, Climate, and Farming in Japan, 670–1100,” 275–276.
23 Farris, Sacred Texts and Buried Treasures, 181–184; 190.
24 Farris, Population, Disease, and Land, 18–49.
25 Yokoyama Yoshikiyo, “Honchō korai kokō kō,” 167–175. For a recent discussion, see Farris, Daily Life
and Demographics in Ancient Japan, 4–5. For the record, I find this estimate somewhat dubious.
26 Sawada, Nara chō jidai no minsei keizai sūteki kenkyū, 463–469; Takigawa Masajirō, Ritsuryō jidai no nōmin
seikatsu, 108–115.
27 Farris, Daily Life and Demographics in Ancient Japan, 20–27.
28 Charlotte von Verschuer, “Demographic Estimates and the Issue of Staple Food in Early Japan,”
349–356. For the record, I find Verschuer’s argument contradictory and unclear.
29 Farris, Daily Life and Demographics in Ancient Japan, 21–22.
30 See Farris, Daily Life and Demographics in Ancient Japan, 38–57.
31 See Farris, Japan’s Medieval Population: Famine, Fertility, and Warfare in a Transformative Age, 13–26.
32 Toda Yoshimi, Nihon ryōshu sei seiritsu shi no kenkyū.
33 Farris, Daily Life and Demographics in Ancient Japan, 69–73.
34 Farris, Japan’s Medieval Population, 26.
35 McNeill, Plagues and Peoples, 124–125.
36 William Atwell, “Volcanism and Short- Term Climatic Change in East Asian and World History,
c. 1200–1699,” 29–98.
37 Farris, Japan’s Medieval Population, 28–59.
38 Farris, Japan’s Medieval Population, 59–66.
39 Farris, Japan’s Medieval Population, 94–163.
40 Farris, Japan’s Medieval Population, 164–220.
41 See Farris, Japan’s Medieval Population, 220–261.
42 For the debate over the population in 1600, see Farris, Japan’s Medieval Population, 165–171.
43 Yoshida Tōgo, Ishin shi hachikō.
44 Hayami Akira, “The Population at the Beginning of the Tokugawa Period,” 95–105.
45 Hayami Akira et al., Sūryō keizai shi nyūmon, 42–49.
46 Fujino Shōsaburō, “Nōgyō kensetsu toshi katsudō to keizai seichō,” 35–102.