H. Tonomura
Notes
1 Nagashima Atsuko, Bakuhansei shakai no jendā kōzō, 18.
2 To illustrate, the public misunderstood “gender” in “gender- free spaces,” proposed by the government,
to mean a thing to be removed as with “barrier” in “barrier- free spaces,” and opposed it because “gender-
free” would destroy “Japan’s natural sexual and biological male- female distinctions” in, for instance,
public toilets. Itō Kimio, “Danjo kyōdō sankaku” ga toikakeru mono: Gendai Nihon shakai to jendā porithikkusu,
170–199. Tachi Kaoru, “Jendā gainen no kentō,” traces the use of “gender” from its inception to the
late 1990s.
3 Hitomi Tonomura, “Women and Sexuality in Premodern Japan” and “Gender Relations in the Age of
Violence” offer a quick overview.
4 Wakita’s energetic effort to introduce Japanese women’s history in English began with “Marriage and
Property in Premodern Japan from the Perspective of Women’s History,” with Suzanne Gay, published
in 1984. Wakita Haruko and S.B. Hanley, Jendā no Nihonshi; Hitomi Tonomura et al., Women and Class
in Japanese History.
5 It contains thirteen chapters by Japanese and four by North Amer ican scholars. Also see another
two- volume English- language set, edited by Wakita Haruko et al., entitled Gender and Japanese
History, also published in 1999. Wakita also organized the project to compile a series of comprehen-
sive bibliographies of women- related titles in all disciplines and fields. Joseishi sōgō kenkyūkai,
Nihon joseishi kenkyū bunken mokuroku. Vol. 1 was published in 1983. Volumes III, IV, and V (cover-
ing 1987–1991, 1992–1996, and 1997–2002 respectively) contain a section on English- language
titles.
6 Ōsumi Kazuo and Nishiguchi Junko, Shirīzu josei to bukkyō. The four volumes’ titles are: Ama to amadera,
Sukui to oshie, Shinkō to kuyō, and Miko to megami. Barbara Ruch, Engendering Faith: Women and Buddhism
in Premodern Japan. See also Rajyashree Pandey’s thoughtful review article, “Review: Medieval Experi-
ence, Modern Visions: Women in Buddhism.” Ruch had established herself as a scholar who explored,
against the historiographical grain, the underside of history, both in class and gender terms, for example,
in “The Other Side of Culture in Medieval Japan.”
7 Georges Duby and Michelle Perrot, Histoire des Femmes en Occident. Sugimura Kazuko and Shiga Ryōichi,
trans., Onna no rekishi.
8 Onna to otoko no jikū: Nihon joseishi saikō, edited by Kōno Nobuko, Tsurumi Kazuko and others. Nenpyō:
Onna to otoko no Nihonshi, Onna to otoko no jikū hensan iinkai, comp. Amino Yoshihiko et al., Rekishi
no naka no jendā.
9 Noriko Kurushima, “Marriage and Female Inheritance in Medieval Japan”; and Michiko Goto, “The
Lives and Roles of Women of Various Classes in the Ie of Late Medieval Japan.” Kurushima also pub-
lished “Marriage and Ie in Late Medieval Japan,” in a multi- language (Japanese, Chinese, Korean, and
English) conference volume, titled Joseishi, jendāshi kara miru higashi Ajia no rekishizō.
10 Sudō Motoma, Nihon joshi, and Buke jidai ni okeru joken no hogo. Nineteenth- century Western visitors to
Japan also wrote about Japanese women. The best known is Alice Mabel Bacon’s eminently upbeat
portrait, Japanese Girls and Women, 1891.
11 Miura Hiroyuki, Hōseishi no kenkyū, 544–604. He added, “despite the autocratic laws of the recent
Tokugawa period (1600–1868)” Hōseishi, 1171. For all scholars, comparison with the West served to
boost the self- confidence of Japanese society. Shimomura Miyokichi stated:
Whether in the East or the West, if we compare the social status of men and women in ancient
times, women were always placed below men, although to different degrees. In Greece, there
were scholars who would assert that women’s place was only slightly above that of slaves. But
in our country, not only were women placed equal to men, but in some cases women held
more force than did men.
(“Kokushijō ni okeru josei,” 2)
12 Miura Hiroyuki, “Joseishijō no ōgon jidai.” This 1922 article was reprinted in his 1955 essay collection,
Nihonshi no kenkyū, 641–658. A comprehensive list of publications on women from the late 1800s and
early 1900s, including those by Miura, can be found in Nihon joseishi kenkyū bunken mokuroku vol. 1.
13 Okada Akio, “Chūsei buke shakai ni okeru josei no keizaiteki chii”; Joyce Ackroyd, “Women in Feudal
Japan”; Jeffrey P. Mass, Lordship and Inheritance in Early Medieval Japan: A Study of the Kamakura Sōryō
System; and Hitomi Tonomura, “Women and Inheritance in Japan’s Early Warrior Society.”
14 Rekishi kyōiku kenkyūkai, Joseishi kenkyū. Also see Endō Motoo’s Nihon josei no seikatsu to bunka.