Outcasts and marginals in medieval Japan10 Wakita, Nihon chūsei hisabetsumin, 57–58.
11 See Ōyama, Nihon chūsei nōsonshi, 390–396.
12 Yokoi, “Chūsei,” 76.
13 For early examples see Amino Yoshihiko, Nihon chūsei no hinōgyōmin to tennō, 181–182; Niunoya Testu-
ichi, Mibun sabetsu to chūsei shakai, 36–37.
14 Aomori Tōru, “Chūsei kōki hinin to kawaramono,” 10–12.
15 Wakita, Nihon chūsei hisabetsumin, 59–61.
16 Yokoi Kiyoshi, “Chūsei minshū geinō—jo ni kaete,” 13–14.
17 Kuroda Toshio, Chūsei kyōdōtai ron mibunsei ron, 212. This material was originally published in 1972 as
“Chūsei no mibun to hisen kannen,” Buraku mondai kenkyū, 33.
18 Kuroda Toshio, Chūsei kyōdōtai ron, 221.
19 Kuroda Toshio, Chūsei kyōdōtai ron, 282.
20 Amino Yoshihiko, Muen, kugai, raku: Nihon chūsei no jiyū to heiwa, 44; “Chūsei shoki ni okeru imonoshi
no sonzai keitai,” 358–367.
21 Amino, Nihon chūsei no hinōgyōmin to tennō, 186–187.
22 Amino Yoshihiko, Rethinking Japanese History, 185.
23 Kuroda Toshio, Chūsei kyōdōtai ron, 274–276.
24 Nagahara Keiji, “The Medieval Origins of the Eta- Hinin,” 388–389.
25 Ōyama, Nihon chūsei nōsonshi, 390–392, 421–422.
26 Wakita, “Sanjo ron,” 57–64; Nihon chūsei hisabetsumin, 79–80.
27 Kuroda Hideo, Kyōkai no chūsei, shōchō no chūsei, 148–152, 158.
28 Keirstead, “Outcasts before the Law,” 272.
29 Keirstead, “Outcasts before the Law,” 267–297.
30 Yokoi, “Chūsei,” 89–92.
31 Amino, Rethinking Japanese History, 196–197.
32 Nagahara, “The Medieval Origins of the Eta- Hinin,” 397–399.
33 Matsuo Kenji, Chūsei no toshi to hinin, 207.
34 Ōyama, Nihon chūsei nōsonshi, 418–419; Miura Keiichi, “Chūsei kōki ni okeru senmin no sonzai keitai,”
102–109; Wakita, Nihon chūsei hisabetsumin, 103–104.
35 For one example, see Miura, “Chūsei kōki ni okeru senmin,” 105–106.
36 Ōyama, Nihon chūsei nōsonshi, 405–406.
37 Kuroda Hideo, Kyōkai no chūsei, shōchō no chūsei, 151; Matsuo, Chūsei no toshi to hinin, 131–132.
38 Miura, “Chūsei kōki ni okeru senmin,” 91.
39 Ōyama, Nihon chūsei nōsonshi, 406–410; Matsuo, Chūsei no toshi to hinin, 159–193; David Quinter, From
Outcasts to Emperors: Shingon Ritsu and the Mañjuśrī Cult in Medieval Japan, esp. 86–126, and “Creating
Bodhisattvas: Eison, Hinin, and the Living Mañjuśrī”; Abé, “Mantra, Hinin, and the Feminine.”
40 Quinter, From Outcasts to Emperors.
41 Quinter, From Outcasts to Emperors, 89–90; “Creating Bodhisattvas,” 453. See also Quinter’s translation
of Eison’s votive text on the occasion (From Outcasts to Emperors, 286–292; “Creating Bodhisattvas,”
469–473); and his translation of Nakatomi no Sukekata’s account of the event (From Outcasts to Emperors,
292–293).
42 Takeuchi Rizō, Kamakura ibun, Vol. 21, 256–257 (doc. 16245); Hosokawa, Chūsei no mibunsei to hinin,
58–60; Quinter, From Outcasts to Emperors, 146–149, 295. See the discussion in Janet R. Goodwin, Alms
and Vagabonds: Buddhist Temples and Popular Patronage in Medieval Japan, 125.
43 Matsuo, Chūsei no toshi to hinin, 171–172; Quinter, From Outcasts to Emperors, 292–293.
44 Ōyama, Nihon chūsei nōsonshi, 406–410; Matsuo, Chūsei no toshi to hinin, 183–185; Quinter, “Creating
Bodhisattvas.”
45 Kuroda Hideo, Kyōkai no chūsei, shōchō no chūsei, 155.
46 Kuroda Hideo, Kyōkai no chūsei, shōchō no chūsei, 164–165. For the connection between Gion shrine
inujinin and Kiyomizuzaka, see Niunoya, Mibun sabetsu, 12.
47 Matsuo, Chūsei no toshi to hinin, 131–132.
48 Goble, Confluences of Medicine in Medieval Japan, 14–20.
49 Quinter, From Outcasts to Emperors, 123–126, and “Creating Bodhisattvas”; Abé, “Mantra, Hinin, and
the Feminine.”
50 On the origins and duties of kebiishi, see Karl F. Friday, Hired Swords: The Rise of Private Warrior Power in
Early Japan, 128–140; or William Wayne Farris, Heavenly Warriors: The Evolution of Japan’s Military,
500–1300, 166–168.