S. Gay
21 Murai, Kyōkai wo matagu hito bito, 65–67.
22 Kitagawa and Tsuchida, 186.
23 Competing and shifting warrior claims to the island in medieval times are described in Murai, Kyōkai wo
matagu hito bito, 72–82.
24 On Tsushima as border region between Japan and Korea, see Murai, Kyōkai wo matagu hito bito, 56–61.
Tsushima also qualifies as a border zone today: Korean tourists to the island mingle with members of
Japan’s Self- Defense Forces stationed there. Although officially recognized by South Korea as part of
Japan, Tsushima has been claimed by some Korean nationalists as Korean territory. The 2012 theft by
Koreans of two Buddhist statues from a temple on the island has raised tensions: although recovered by
Korean authorities, the statues, made in Korea in the thirteenth century, have not been returned to
Japan. Thus is ambiguity based on cultural claims injected into a situation that modern nation- states
officially consider to be unambiguously settled.
25 Murai, Kyōkai wo matagu hito bito, 56–58.
26 Murai, Kyōkai wo matagu hito bito, 58–61.
27 On classical and medieval Hakata, see Murai, Kyōkai wo matagu hito bito, 39–62 for textual and archeo-
logical evidence; especially in regard to archeological evidence see Yata Toshifumi, Jishin to chūsei no
ryūtsū, 86–89; and Kawazoe Shōichi, Higashi Ajia no kokusai toshi Hakata. On trade with other Asian
countries, see “Hakata.”
28 Murai, Kyōkai wo matagu hito bito, 45.
29 Murai, Kyōkai wo matagu hito bito, 53.
30 On this case, see Murai, Kyōkai wo matagu hito bito, 51–63. On Chinese boat captains in Hakata see
Hayashi Fuminori, “Hakata gōshu no rekishiteki ichi,” 575–591.
31 “Hakata.”
32 Ishii and Ōmiwa, Bushi no toshi Kamakura, 196–198.
33 Yata, Jishin to chūsei no ryūtsū, 90–94. The 1498 earthquake is rated at magnitude 8.2–8.4.
34 Yata, Jishin to chūsei no ryūtsū, 106.
35 Numerous essay collections have been published on medieval commerce and cities. See, for example, in
the Shintaikei Nihonshi series, Yoshida Nobuyuki and Satō Makoto, Toshi shakaishi, v. 6, and Sakurai Eiji
and Nakanishi Satoru, Ryūtsū keizaishi, v. 12.
36 Ōtsu Tōru et al., Iwanami kōza Nihon rekishi includes three volumes on medieval history. They contain
twenty- six articles, most written by mid- career scholars. A new version of this collection has appeared
every fifteen to twenty years, starting in the early 1960s. Political history remains dominant as ever,
claiming about 40 percent of the medieval essays in the current series, while institutional history is
represented in essays on judicial processes and the estate system. (Several of the political essays take into
account events in China, continuing a tendency to provide an East Asian context for medieval Japan that
started in late 1970s.) Cultural history is minimally represented with two articles; intellectual history
gets only one. Buddhism is presented twice, first in its Kamakura period manifestations, and next in its
relations, at many levels, with the Muromachi shogunate. Social history fares better, including articles
on peasants, peasant uprisings and debt amnesties, women and the family, and status and social groups.
37 On cities and commerce, see Takahashi Shin’ichirō, “Chūsei toshiron” and Chieda Daishi, “Chūsei kōki
no kahei to ryūtsū.” On status, see Mieda Akiko, “Chūsei no mibun to shakai shūdan,” 181–216. On
debt amnesties, see Hayashima Daisuke, “Ikki to tokusei,” 153–186.
38 Yanagihara Toshiaki, “Chūsei no kōtsū to chiikisei,” 113–145. Yanagihara highlights the far north
(Hiraizumi) and south (the Taira of Satsuma), setting a good scholarly example for eschewing the
center.
39 Takahashi, “Chūsei toshiron,” 253–283.
40 Characterizing medieval cities as merely transitional and ancillary in nature, Yoshida Nobuyuki has
noted the lack of a single medieval city type, in contrast to classical and early modern urban forms. See
Yoshida and Satō, “Jo,” Toshi shakaishi, iii–iv. Takahashi responds with his theory of medieval cities as
sites of trade; see “Chūsei toshiron,” 258.
41 Chieda, “Chūsei kōki no kahei to ryūtsū,” 187–223.
42 Chieda’s “Chūsei kōki no kahei to ryūtsū,” on the latter half of the medieval period, pairs well with
Segal’s Coins, Trade, and the State, which emphasizes the earlier portion of the period.