D.S. Fuqua
46 Edwin Reischauer, “Notes on T’ang Dynasty Sea Routes,” 142–164.
47 Wu Ling, “Kyūseiki tōnichi bōeki ni okeru higashi Ajia shōningun,” 96–109. Also, Sugiyama Hiroshi’s
Nihon kodai kaiunshi no kenkyū provides a summary of prewar and postwar Japanese scholarship regarding
maritime commercial exchange in East Asia. Arano Yasunori, Ishii Masatoshi, and Murai Shōsuke’s
Nihon no taigai kankei 3: Tsūkō, tsūshōen no kakudai, and Tanaka Fumio’s Kokusai kōeki to kodai Nihon offer
excellent studies on topics of commercial activity with the Tang, Song, Silla, Koryŏ, the Liao (i.e.,
Khitan), and the southern islands.
48 Bruce Batten, Gateway to Japan, 182–192; Koyama Yasunori, “East and West in the Late Classical Age,”
374–376; McCullough, “The Heian Court, 794–1070,” 96.
49 Charlotte von Verschuer, Le commerce exterieur du Japon des origines au XVIe siècle, later published in
English as Across the Perilous Sea: Japanese Trade with China and Korea from the Seventh to the Sixteenth
Centuries.
50 For more, see Batten’s To the Ends of Japan.
51 Gari Ledyard, “Galloping Along with the Horseriders: Looking for the Founders of Japan,” 231–232;
Mori Kōichi, Nihon no kodai dai- ikkan: umi wo wattata hitobito, 27–32. The quoted passage is from Ledyard,
p. 231.
52 Robert Borgen, “The Japanese Mission to China, 801–806,” 7.
53 Shoku Nihongi, Vol 5, 72–81.
54 Tōno Haruyuki, “Kentōshisen no kōzō to kōkaijutsu,” 7–15.
55 William Wayne Farris, Population, Disease, and Land in Early Japan.
56 William McNeill, Plagues and Peoples, 152–153; Farris, Population, Disease, and Land, 50–71.
57 Excerpts in English translation are found in Sakamoto Tarō’s The Six National Histories of Japan, trans-
lated by John S. Brownlee. For historical background to the Six National Histories, see Marian Ury,
“Chinese Learning and Intellectual Life.” The Nihon shoki, the first of the national histories, has been
translated into English by W.G. Aston as Nihongi: Chronicles of Japan from the Earliest Times to A.D. 697.
58 See Mori Katsumi, “Nittō bōeki no keitai,” 710.
59 The paper upon which these requests were written was recycled and used in the backing of the “Court
Lady Screen” (Tōrige ritsujo byōbu), where they remained forgotten until the Tokugawa period. The
Baishiragi no motsuge has been thoroughly researched by Tōno Haruyuki. See, for instance, Shōsōin monjo
to mokkan no kenkyū, 311, and “Torige ritsujo byōbu shitabari monjo no kenkyū—Baishiragi no motsuge
no kisoteki kōsatsu.”
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