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Theories of Personality 9th Edition

(やまだぃちぅ) #1

  • PART I Introduction

  • Theory CHAPTER 1 Introduction to Personality

  • What Is Personality?

  • What Is a Theory?

    • Theory Defined

    • Theory and Its Relatives

      • Philosophy

      • Speculation

      • Hypothesis

      • Taxonomy



    • Why Different Theories?

    • Perspectives in Theories of Personality

      • Psychodynamic Theories

      • Humanistic-Existential Theories

      • Dispositional Theories

      • Biological-Evolutionary Theories

      • Learning-(Social) Cognitive Theories

      • of Personality Theorists’ Personalities and Their Theories



    • What Makes a Theory Useful?

      • Generates Research

      • Is Falsifiable

      • Organizes Data

      • Guides Action

      • Is Internally Consistent

      • Is Parsimonious

      • of Humanity Dimensions for a Concept

      • Theory Research in Personality

        • Theories PART II Psychodynamic

        • CHAPTER 2 Freud: Psychoanalysis

        • Overview of Psychoanalytic Theory

        • Biography of Sigmund Freud

        • Levels of Mental Life

          • Unconscious

          • Preconscious

          • Conscious



        • Provinces of the Mind

          • The Id

          • The Ego

          • The Superego



        • Dynamics of Personality

          • Drives

            • Sex

            • Aggression



          • Anxiety



        • Defense Mechanisms

          • Repression

          • Reaction Formation

          • Displacement

          • Fixation

          • Regression

          • Projection

          • Introjection

          • Sublimation



        • Stages of Development

          • Infantile Period

            • Oral Phase









    • Anal Phase vi Contents

    • Phallic Phase

    • Male Oedipus Complex

    • Female Oedipus Complex

    • Latency Period

    • Genital Period

    • Maturity



  • Applications of Psychoanalytic Theory

    • Freud’s Early Therapeutic Technique

    • Freud’s Later Therapeutic Technique

    • Dream Analysis

    • Freudian Slips



  • Related Research

    • Unconscious Mental Processing

    • Pleasure and the Id, Inhibition and the Ego

      • Mechanisms Repression, Inhibition, and Defense



    • Research on Dreams



  • Critique of Freud

    • and Sexuality? Did Freud Understand Women, Gender,

    • Was Freud a Scientist?



  • Concept of Humanity

  • Psychology CHAPTER 3 Adler: Individual

  • Overview of Individual Psychology

  • Biography of Alfred Adler

  • Introduction to Adlerian Theory

  • Striving for Success or Superiority

    • The Final Goal

    • The Striving Force as Compensation

    • Striving for Personal Superiority

    • Striving for Success



  • Subjective Perceptions

    • Fictionalism

    • Physical Inferiorities



  • Unity and Self-Consistency of Personality

    • Organ Dialect

    • Conscious and Unconscious

      • Social Interest

        • Origins of Social Interest

        • Importance of Social Interest



      • Style of Life

      • Creative Power

      • Abnormal Development

        • General Description

        • External Factors in Maladjustment

          • Exaggerated Physical Deficiencies

          • Pampered Style of Life

          • Neglected Style of Life



        • Safeguarding Tendencies

          • Excuses

          • Aggression

          • Withdrawal



        • Masculine Protest

          • Origins of the Masculine Protest

          • Adler, Freud, and the Masculine Protest





      • Applications of Individual Psychology

        • Family Constellation

        • Early Recollections

        • Dreams

        • Psychotherapy



      • Related Research

        • Birth Order Effects

        • Early Recollections and Career Choice

          • for Success Superiority, versus Self-Esteem as Striving





      • Critique of Adler

      • Concept of Humanity

      • Psychology CHAPTER 4 Jung: Analytical

      • Overview of Analytical Psychology

      • Biography of Carl Jung

      • Levels of the Psyche

        • Conscious

        • Personal Unconscious

        • Collective Unconscious

        • Archetypes



      • Persona Contents vii

      • Shadow

      • Anima

      • Animus

      • Great Mother

      • Wise Old Man

      • Hero

      • Self





  • Dynamics of Personality

    • Causality and Teleology

    • Progression and Regression



  • Psychological Types

    • Attitudes

      • Introversion

      • Extraversion



    • Functions

      • Thinking

      • Feeling

      • Sensing

      • Intuiting





  • Development of Personality

    • Stages of Development

      • Childhood

      • Youth

      • Middle Life

      • Old Age



    • Self-Realization

      • Investigation Jung’s Methods of



    • Word Association Test

    • Dream Analysis

    • Active Imagination

    • Psychotherapy



  • Related Research

    • Leadership Personality Type and

    • Churchgoers Personality Type Among Clergy and

    • Indicator (MBTI) A Critical Look at the Myers-Briggs Type



  • Critique of Jung

  • Concept of Humanity

    • Theory CHAPTER 5 Klein: Object Relations

    • Overview of Object Relations Theory

    • Biography of Melanie Klein

      • Theory Introduction to Object Relations



    • Psychic Life of the Infant

      • Phantasies

      • Objects



    • Positions

      • Paranoid-Schizoid Position

      • Depressive Position



    • Psychic Defense Mechanisms

      • Introjection

      • Projection

      • Splitting

      • Projective Identification



    • Internalizations

      • Ego

      • Superego

      • Oedipus Complex

        • Female Oedipal Development

        • Male Oedipal Development





    • Later Views on Object Relations

      • Margaret Mahler’s View

      • Heinz Kohut’s View

      • John Bowlby’s Attachment Theory

      • Mary Ainsworth and the Strange Situation



    • Psychotherapy

    • Related Research

      • Relations Childhood Trauma and Adult Object

      • Attachment Theory and Adult Relationships



    • Critique of Object Relations Theory

    • Concept of Humanity

    • Social Theory CHAPTER 6 Horney: Psychoanalytic

      • Theory Overview of Psychoanalytic Social





  • Biography of Karen Horney viii

    • Theory Introduction to Psychoanalytic Social

    • Horney and Freud Compared

    • The Impact of Culture

    • The Importance of Childhood Experiences



  • Basic Hostility and Basic Anxiety

  • Compulsive Drives

    • Neurotic Needs

    • Neurotic Trends

      • Moving Toward People

      • Moving Against People

      • Moving Away From People





  • Intrapsychic Conflicts

    • The Idealized Self-Image

      • The Neurotic Search for Glory

      • Neurotic Claims

      • Neurotic Pride



    • Self-Hatred



  • Feminine Psychology

  • Psychotherapy

  • Related Research

    • of Horney’s Neurotic Trends Developing and Validating a New Measure

    • Can Neuroticism Ever Be a Good Thing?



  • Critique of Horney

  • Concept of Humanity

  • Theory CHAPTER 7 Erikson: Post-Freudian

  • Overview of Post-Freudian Theory

  • Biography of Erik Erikson

  • The Ego in Post-Freudian Theory

    • Society’s Influence

    • Epigenetic Principle



  • Stages of Psychosocial Development

    • Infancy

      • Oral-Sensory Mode

      • Basic Trust Versus Basic Mistrust

      • Hope: The Basic Strength of Infancy

        • Early Childhood

          • Anal-Urethral-Muscular Mode

          • Autonomy Versus Shame and Doubt

          • Will: The Basic Strength of Early Childhood



        • Play Age

          • Genital-Locomotor Mode

          • Initiative Versus Guilt

            • of the Play Age Purpose: The Basic Strength





        • School Age

          • Latency

          • Industry Versus Inferiority

            • the School Age Competence: The Basic Strength of





        • Adolescence

          • Puberty

          • Identity Versus Identity Confusion

            • of Adolescence Fidelity: The Basic Strength





        • Young Adulthood

          • Genitality

          • Intimacy Versus Isolation

            • of Young Adulthood Love: The Basic Strength





        • Adulthood

          • Procreativity

          • Generativity Versus Stagnation

          • Care: The Basic Strength of Adulthood



        • Old Age

          • Generalized Sensuality

          • Integrity Versus Despair

            • of Old Age Wisdom: The Basic Strength





        • Summary of the Life Cycle

        • Erikson’s Methods of Investigation

          • Anthropological Studies

          • Psychohistory



        • Related Research

          • Across Cultures Ego Identity Status in Adolescents

          • Does Identity Precede Intimacy?



        • Critique of Erikson

        • Concept of Humanity







  • Psychoanalysis CHAPTER 8 Fromm: Humanistic

  • Overview of Humanistic Psychoanalysis

  • Biography of Erich Fromm

  • Fromm’s Basic Assumptions

  • Human Needs

    • Relatedness

    • Transcendence

    • Rootedness

    • Sense of Identity

    • Frame of Orientation

    • Summary of Human Needs



  • The Burden of Freedom

    • Mechanisms of Escape

      • Authoritarianism

      • Destructiveness

      • Conformity



    • Positive Freedom



  • Character Orientations

    • Nonproductive Orientations

      • Receptive

      • Exploitative

      • Hoarding

      • Marketing



    • The Productive Orientation



  • Personality Disorders

    • Necrophilia

    • Malignant Narcissism

    • Incestuous Symbiosis



  • Psychotherapy

  • Fromm’s Methods of Investigation

    • Social Character in a Mexican Village

    • A Psychohistorical Study of Hitler



  • Related Research

    • Marketing Character Testing the Assumptions of Fromm’s

    • Estrangement From Culture and Well-Being

    • Authoritarianism and Fear



  • Critique of Fromm

  • Concept of Humanity

    • Theories PART III Humanistic/Existential

    • Theory CHAPTER 9 Maslow: Holistic-Dynamic

    • Overview of Holistic-Dynamic Theory

    • Biography of Abraham H. Maslow

    • Maslow’s View of Motivation

      • Hierarchy of Needs

        • Physiological Needs

        • Safety Needs

        • Love and Belongingness Needs

        • Esteem Needs

        • Self-Actualization Needs



      • Aesthetic Needs

      • Cognitive Needs

      • Neurotic Needs

      • General Discussion of Needs

        • Reversed Order of Needs

        • Unmotivated Behavior

        • Expressive and Coping Behavior

        • Deprivation of Needs

        • Instinctoid Nature of Needs

        • Comparison of Higher and Lower Needs





    • Self-Actualization

      • Person Maslow’s Quest for the Self-Actualizing

      • Criteria for Self-Actualization

      • Values of Self-Actualizers

      • Characteristics of Self-Actualizing People

        • More Efficient Perception of Reality

        • Acceptance of Self, Others, and Nature

        • Spontaneity, Simplicity, and Naturalness

        • Problem-Centering

        • The Need for Privacy

        • Autonomy

        • Continued Freshness of Appreciation

        • The Peak Experience

        • Gemeinschaftsgefühl

        • Profound Interpersonal Relations

        • The Democratic Character Structure

        • Discrimination Between Means and Ends



      • Process x

        • Stages of Therapeutic Change

          • Change Theoretical Explanation for Therapeutic





      • Outcomes



    • The Person of Tomorrow

    • Philosophy of Science

    • The Chicago Studies

      • Hypotheses

      • Method

      • Findings

      • Summary of Results



    • Related Research

      • Self-Discrepancy Theory

        • One’s Goals Motivation and Pursuing





    • Critique of Rogers

    • Concept of Humanity

    • Psychology CHAPTER 11 May: Existential

    • Overview of Existential Psychology

    • Biography of Rollo May

    • Background of Existentialism

      • What Is Existentialism?

      • Basic Concepts

        • Being-in-the-World

        • Nonbeing





    • The Case of Philip

    • Anxiety

      • Normal Anxiety

      • Neurotic Anxiety



    • Guilt

    • Intentionality

    • Care, Love, and Will

      • Union of Love and Will

      • Forms of Love

        • Sex

        • Eros

        • Philia

        • Agape





    • Philosophical Sense of Humor

    • Creativeness

    • Resistance to Enculturation

    • Love, Sex, and Self-Actualization

      • of Science Maslow’s Psychology and Philosophy





  • Measuring Self-Actualization

  • The Jonah Complex

  • Psychotherapy

  • Related Research

    • Mindfulness and Self-Actualization

    • Positive Psychology



  • Critique of Maslow

  • Concept of Humanity

  • Theory CHAPTER 10 Rogers: Person-Centered

  • Overview of Client-Centered Theory

  • Biography of Carl Rogers

  • Person-Centered Theory

    • Basic Assumptions

      • Formative Tendency

      • Actualizing Tendency



    • The Self and Self-Actualization

      • The Self-Concept

      • The Ideal Self



    • Awareness

      • Levels of Awareness

      • Denial of Positive Experiences



    • Becoming a Person

    • Barriers to Psychological Health

      • Conditions of Worth

      • Incongruence

      • Vulnerability

      • Anxiety and Threat

      • Defensiveness

      • Disorganization





  • Psychotherapy

    • Conditions

      • Counselor Congruence

      • Unconditional Positive Regard

      • Empathic Listening





  • Freedom and Destiny xi

    • Freedom Defined

    • Forms of Freedom

      • Existential Freedom

      • Essential Freedom



    • What Is Destiny?

    • Philip’s Destiny



  • The Power of Myth

  • Psychopathology

  • Psychotherapy

  • Related Research

    • Denial of Our Animal Nature Threats in the Umwelt: Mortality Salience and

    • and Close Relationships Finding Meaning in the Mitwelt: Attachment

    • to Mortality Awareness Growth in the Eigenwelt: There Is an Upside



  • Critique of May

  • Concept of Humanity

    • PART IV Dispositional Theories



  • of the Individual CHAPTER 12 Allport: Psychology

    • of the Individual Overview of Allport’s Psychology



  • Biography of Gordon Allport

    • Personality Theory Allport’s Approach to

    • What Is Personality?

      • Motivation? What Is the Role of Conscious

      • a Healthy Person? What Are the Characteristics of





  • Structure of Personality

    • Personal Dispositions

      • Levels of Personal Dispositions

      • Cardinal Dispositions

      • Central Dispositions

      • Secondary Dispositions

      • Motivational and Stylistic Dispositions



    • Proprium

      • Motivation

        • A Theory of Motivation

        • Functional Autonomy

          • Perseverative Functional Autonomy

          • Propriate Functional Autonomy

          • Criterion for Functional Autonomy

            • Autonomous Processes That Are Not Functionally







      • The Study of the Individual

        • Morphogenic Science

        • The Diaries of Marion Taylor

        • Letters From Jenny



      • Related Research

        • Understanding and Reducing Prejudice

        • Intrinsic and Extrinsic Religious Orientation

          • Religious Motivation and Mental Health

          • Religious Motivation and Physical Health





      • Critique of Allport

      • Concept of Humanity

      • Five-Factor Trait Theory CHAPTER 13 McCrae and Costa’s

      • Overview of Trait and Factor Theories

        • B. Cattell The Pioneering Work of Raymond



      • Basics of Factor Analysis

      • The Big Five: Taxonomy or Theory?

        • Paul T. Costa, Jr. Biographies of Robert R. McCrae and



      • In Search of the Big Five

        • Five Factors Found

        • Description of the Five Factors



      • Evolution of the Five-Factor Theory

        • Units of the Five-Factor Theory

          • Core Components of Personality

          • Basic Tendencies

          • Characteristic Adaptations

          • Self-Concept

          • Peripheral Components

          • Biological Bases

          • Objective Biography

          • External Influences







    • Basic Postulates xii Contents

      • Postulates for Basic Tendencies

      • Postulates for Characteristic Adaptations





  • Related Research

    • Personality and Academic Performance

    • Traits, Internet Use, and Well-Being

    • Traits and Emotions



  • Critique of Trait and Factor Theories

  • Concept of Humanity

    • Theories PART V Biological/Evolutionary



  • Based Factor Theory CHAPTER 14 Eysenck’s Biologically

    • Trait Theory Overview of Biologically Based



  • Biography of Hans J. Eysenck

  • Eysenck’s Factor Theory

    • Criteria for Identifying Factors

    • Hierarchy of Behavior Organization



  • Dimensions of Personality

    • Extraversion

    • Neuroticism

    • Psychoticism



  • Measuring Personality

  • Biological Bases of Personality

  • Personality as a Predictor

    • Personality and Behavior

    • Personality and Disease



  • Related Research

    • The Biological Basis of Extraversion

    • The Biological Basis of Neuroticism

      • Based Theory Critique of Eysenck’s Biologically





  • Concept of Humanity

  • of Personality CHAPTER 15 Buss: Evolutionary Theory

  • Overview of Evolutionary Theory

    • Biography of David Buss

    • Principles of Evolutionary Psychology

    • Evolutionary Theory of Personality

      • The Nature and Nurture of Personality

        • (Mechanisms) Adaptive Problems and their Solutions



      • Evolved Mechanisms

        • Mechanisms Motivation and Emotion as Evolved

        • Personality Traits as Evolved Mechanisms



      • Origins of Individual Differences

        • Environmental Sources

        • Heritable/Genetic Sources

        • Nonadapative Sources

        • Maladaptive Sources

        • of Personality Neo-Bussian Evolutionary Theories

        • in Evolutionary Theory Common Misunderstandings

        • Influence From the Environment) (Behavior as Set in Stone and Void of

        • Mechanisms Executing Adaptations Requires Conscious



      • Mechanisms Are Optimally Designed



    • Related Research

      • Environment Temperament and the Pre- and Post-Natal

      • Genetics and Personality

      • Animal Personality

        • of Personality Critique of Evolutionary Theory





    • Concept of Humanity

      • PART VI Learning-Cognitive Theories



    • Analysis CHAPTER 16 Skinner: Behavioral

    • Overview of Behavioral Analysis

    • Biography of B. F. Skinner

      • Behaviorism Precursors to Skinner’s Scientific





  • Scientific Behaviorism xiii

    • Philosophy of Science

    • Characteristics of Science



  • Conditioning

    • Classical Conditioning

    • Operant Conditioning

      • Shaping

      • Reinforcement

      • Positive Reinforcement

      • Negative Reinforcement

      • Punishment

      • Effects of Punishment

      • Punishment and Reinforcement Compared

      • Conditioned and Generalized Reinforcers

      • Schedules of Reinforcement

      • Fixed-Ratio

      • Variable-Ratio

      • Fixed-Interval

      • Variable-Interval

      • Extinction





  • The Human Organism

    • Natural Selection

    • Cultural Evolution

    • Inner States

      • Self-Awareness

      • Drives

      • Emotions

      • Purpose and Intention



    • Complex Behavior

      • Higher Mental Processes

      • Creativity

      • Unconscious Behavior

      • Dreams

      • Social Behavior



    • Control of Human Behavior

      • Social Control

      • Self-Control





  • The Unhealthy Personality

    • Counteracting Strategies

    • Inappropriate Behaviors



  • Psychotherapy

  • Related Research

    • How Conditioning Affects Personality

    • How Personality Affects Conditioning

      • and Conditioning Mutual Influence Between Personality



    • Critique of Skinner

    • Concept of Humanity

    • Theory CHAPTER 17 Bandura: Social Cognitive

    • Overview of Social Cognitive Theory

    • Biography of Albert Bandura

    • Learning

      • Observational Learning

        • Modeling

          • Learning Processes Governing Observational



        • Attention

        • Representation

        • Behavioral Production

        • Motivation



      • Enactive Learning



    • Triadic Reciprocal Causation

      • Causation An Example of Triadic Reciprocal

      • Chance Encounters and Fortuitous Events



    • Human Agency

      • Core Features of Human Agency

      • Self-Efficacy

        • What Is Self-Efficacy?

        • What Contributes to Self-Efficacy?

        • Mastery Experiences

        • Social Modeling

        • Social Persuasion

        • Physical and Emotional States



      • Proxy Agency

      • Collective Efficacy



    • Self-Regulation

      • External Factors in Self-Regulation

      • Internal Factors in Self-Regulation

        • Self-Observation

        • Judgmental Process

        • Self-Reaction





    • Self-Regulation Through Moral Agency xiv

      • Redefine the Behavior

        • of Behavior Disregard or Distort the Consequences



      • Dehumanize or Blame the Victims

      • Displace or Diffuse Responsibility





  • Dysfunctional Behavior

    • Depression

    • Phobias

    • Aggression



  • Therapy

  • Related Research

    • Self-Efficacy and Diabetes

    • Moral Disengagement and Bullying

    • Social Cognitive Theory “Goes Global”



  • Critique of Bandura

  • Concept of Humanity

  • Cognitive Social Learning Theory CHAPTER 18 Rotter and Mischel:

    • Theory Overview of Cognitive Social Learning



  • Biography of Julian Rotter

    • Theory Introduction to Rotter’s Social Learning



  • Predicting Specific Behaviors

    • Behavior Potential

    • Expectancy

    • Reinforcement Value

    • Psychological Situation

    • Basic Prediction Formula



  • Predicting General Behaviors

    • Generalized Expectancies

    • Needs

      • Categories of Needs

      • Recognition-Status

      • Dominance

      • Independence

      • Protection-Dependency

      • Love and Affection

      • Physical Comfort

        • Need Components

        • Need Potential

        • Freedom of Movement

        • Need Value

        • General Prediction Formula

          • of Reinforcement Internal and External Control



        • Interpersonal Trust Scale

        • Maladaptive Behavior

        • Psychotherapy

          • Changing Goals

          • Eliminating Low Expectancies

            • Theory Introduction to Mischel’s Personality





        • Biography of Walter Mischel

          • Personality System Background of the Cognitive-Affective

          • Consistency Paradox

          • Person-Situation Interaction



        • Cognitive-Affective Personality System

          • Behavior Prediction

          • Situation Variables

          • Cognitive-Affective Units

            • Encoding Strategies

              • Strategies Competencies and Self-Regulatory



            • Expectancies and Beliefs

            • Goals and Values

            • Affective Responses





        • Related Research

          • Locus of Control and Holocaust Heroes

          • Person-Situation Interaction

            • Across the Lifespan Marshmallows and Self-Regulation

            • Theory Critique of Cognitive Social Learning





        • Concept of Humanity

        • of Personal Constructs CHAPTER 19 Kelly: Psychology

        • Overview of Personal Construct Theory







  • Biography of George Kelly xv

  • Kelly’s Philosophical Position

    • Person as Scientist

    • Scientist as Person

    • Constructive Alternativism



  • Personal Constructs

    • Basic Postulate

    • Supporting Corollaries

      • Similarities Among Events

      • Differences Among People

      • Relationships Among Constructs

      • Dichotomy of Constructs

      • Choice Between Dichotomies

      • Range of Convenience

      • Experience and Learning

      • Adaptation to Experience

      • Incompatible Constructs

      • Similarities Among People

      • Social Processes

      • Theory Applications of Personal Construct



    • Abnormal Development

      • Threat

      • Fear

        • Anxiety

        • Guilt

        • Psychotherapy

        • The Rep Test

        • Related Research

          • Gender as a Personal Construct

            • Intra-Personal Questions of Identity Applying Personal Construct Theory to

              • Through Personal Construct Theory Understanding Internalized Prejudice

              • Identification Reducing the Threat to Feminist





          • Personal Constructs and the Big Five



        • Critique of Kelly

        • Concept of Humanity

        • Glossary G-

        • References R-

        • Name Index N-

        • Subject Index S-







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